Cropping systems for managing weeds

ABSTRACT

The invention provides cropping systems for managing weeds in crop environments. The cropping systems comprise, in one embodiment, transgenic plants that display tolerance to an auxin-like herbicide such as dicamba. Method for minimizing the development of herbicide resistant weeds are also provided.

This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication 60/862,907, filed Oct. 25, 2006, the disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The invention relates generally to the field of weed management. Morespecifically, the invention relates to methods for pre-emergent andpost-emergent herbicide use for controlling weed s in combination withtransgenic crops tolerant to one or more herbicides.

2. Description of the Related Art

Weeds cost farmers billions of dollars annually in crop losses and theexpense of efforts to keep weeds under control. Weeds also serve ashosts for crop diseases and insect pests. The losses caused by weeds inagricultural production environments include decreases in crop yield,reduced crop quality, increased irrigation costs, increased harvestingcosts, decreased land value, injury to livestock, and crop damage frominsects and diseases harbored by the weeds. The damage caused can besignificant. For example, it is estimated that between 1972 and 1976corn yields were reduced by about 10% due to weeds (Chandler, 1981).

Chemical herbicides have provided an effective method of weed controlover the years. Herbicides can generally be applied pre-emergence and/orpost-emergence. Pre-emergence herbicides are applied in a field before acrop emerges from the soil. Such applications are typically applied tothe soil before or soon after planting the crop. Such applications maykill weeds that are growing in the field prior to the emergence of thecrop, and may also prevent or reduce germination of weed seeds that arepresent in the soil. Post-emergence herbicides are typically used tokill weeds after a crop has emerged in the field. Such applications maykill weeds in the field and prevent or reduce future weed seedproduction and germination.

One weed control strategy is to apply an herbicide such as dicamba to afield before sowing seeds. However, after applying the herbicide to afield, a farmer has to wait at least several weeks before sowing thefield with crop seeds such that the herbicide has killed most of theweeds and has degraded so as not injure the sown crop. For example,plants are especially sensitive to dicamba and it has been recommendedthat dicamba formulations such as Banvel™, Clarity™, or Sterling™ beapplied, for instance, 30 days prior to planting for controlling weeds.

Another method that has been successfully used to manage weeds combinesherbicide treatments with crops that are tolerant to the herbicide. Inthis manner, a herbicide that would normally injure a crop can beapplied before and during growth of the crop without causing damage.Thus, weeds may be effectively controlled and new weed control optionsare made available to the grower.

In recent years, the availability of transgenic crops having traitsproviding tolerance to a herbicide or herbicides with one mode of actionhas simplified weed management for growers. For example, crops tolerantto 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (Streber and Willmitzer, 1989),bromoxynil (Stalker et al., 1988), glyphosate (Comai et al., 1985) andphosphinothricin (De Block et al., 1987) have been developed. However,this strategy has increased the possibility of selection for and spreadof weed biotypes resistant to a particular herbicide in a particularcropping system. Therefore, there is a need in the art for inventingcropping systems that use transgenic crops providing tolerance to one ormore herbicides for managing weeds i.e., for managing current herbicideresistant weeds, for managing tough weeds, for managing volunteerplants, and for minimizing the development of herbicide resistant weedsin the future.

It is also known in the art that the risk of developing resistant weedsis higher with certain types of herbicides and lower with certain othertypes. For the following discussion, herbicides are classified accordingto their modes-of-action based on the HRAC or WSSA schemes (Table 2).For example, the risk of developing resistant weeds is thought to behigher with herbicides belonging to groups such as acetolactate synthase(ALS) inhibitors (Group 2 or B) and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase)inhibitors (Group 1 or A). The risk of developing resistant weeds isthought to be lower with herbicides belonging to groups such as PS IIinhibitors (Group 5 or C1), microtubule assembly inhibitors (Group 3 orK1), and lipid synthesis inhibitors (Group or N). The risk of developingresistant weeds is thought to be still lower with herbicides belongingto groups such as synthetic auxins (Group 4 or O), glycines (Group 9 orG), and inhibitors of glutamine synthetase (Group 10 or H) (Légère etal., 2006.). Hence it is desirable to develop cropping systems utilizingcrops tolerant to low-risk herbicides and their accompanying herbicidetreatments for minimizing populations of herbicide resistant weeds.

Dicamba is one member of a class of herbicides commonly referred to as“auxin-like” herbicides or “synthetic auxins.” Dicamba has been used asa pre-emergence herbicide (e.g. 14-30 days prior to planting) in dicotsand as a pre- and/or post-emergence herbicide in corn, sorghum, smallgrains, pasture, hay, rangeland, sugarcane, asparagus, turf, and grassseed crops to effectively control annual and perennial broadleaf weedsand several grassy weeds (Crop Protection Chemicals Reference, 1995).Unfortunately, dicamba can injure many commercial crops including beans,soybeans, cotton, peas, potatoes, sunflowers, tomatoes, tobacco, andfruit trees, ornamental plants and trees, and other broadleaf plantswhen it comes into contact with them. Soybean and cotton areparticularly sensitive to dicamba. Thus, applications of dicamba mustgenerally occur several weeks before planting of sensitive crops toensure that residual dicamba is sufficiently cleared from the cropenvironment before crops emerge.

Recently, sequences encoding a multicomponent dicamba demethylase,including a monooxygenase (DMO), were isolated from Pseudomonasmaltophilia (U.S. Patent Application Nos: 20030115626; 20030135879; U.S.Pat. No. 7,022,896) which is involved in the conversion of an herbicidalform of the herbicide dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid; a formulationof which is sold, for instance, under the trade name Banvel™) to anon-toxic 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid (Wang et al., 1997). The inventorsreported the transformation of the sequences into tobacco andArabidopsis. The transformed plant tissue was selected on kanamycin andregenerated into a plant. However, herbicide tolerance was notdemonstrated or suggested in immature tissues or seedlings or in otherplants. Pre-emergence herbicide applications were also not described.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,376,754 describes plants, such as soybean plants, havingtolerance to at least two herbicides. Included among these herbicidesare glyphosate, glufosinate, and a sulfonylurea (i.e. an acetolactatesynthase (ALS) inhibitor) herbicide. U.S. Pat. No. 6,586,367 describesmethods to control weeds, and plants with tolerance to glyphosate orglufosinate, which may be treated with glyphosate or glufosinate, andadditionally with an amount of an herbicide or herbicides selected fromthe group consisting of atrazine, dicamba, and other selectedherbicides. However plants and cropping systems comprising a genetictrait conferring tolerance to dicamba are not described.

WO2005/107437 discloses combining a first herbicide tolerant gene i.e.,a 2,4-D tolerance gene with a second herbicide tolerant gene i.e., aglyphosate tolerance gene or other herbicide tolerant gene. It does notdisclose combining a glyphosate tolerant gene with a dicamba tolerantgene and a 2,4-D tolerant gene. Furthermore, it does not disclosecropping systems of the present invention for managing weeds, herbicideresistant weeds, tough to control weeds, herbicide resistant volunteercrop plants, and for minimizing the potential of herbicide resistantweeds in the future. It also does not disclose methods for minimizingdevelopment of herbicide resistant weeds in the future by rotatingherbicide tolerant crops and use of their corresponding herbicide(s).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the invention provides a cropping system for managingweed growth in a crop-growing environment comprising: a) planting in acrop growing environment a crop seed that germinates into a crop plantcomprising tolerance to an auxin-like herbicide; and b)applying at leasta first herbicide treatment to the crop growing environment to controlweed growth, wherein the herbicide treatment is selected from the groupconsisting of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth treatment setforth in Table 3, and wherein the treatment comprises an amount ofherbicide effective to control weed growth without significantlydamaging the crop seed or crop plant. In specific embodiments, themethod may comprise applying at least two, at least three, at least fourand /or each of said herbicide treatments.

In one embodiment, a used with a system of the invention plant comprisesa transgene conferring herbicide tolerance to glyphosate or 2,4-D. Anexample of a transgene conferring herbicide tolerance to glyphosate isone encoding a protein selected from the group consisting of glyphosateresistant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS),glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX), glyphosate-N-acetyl transferase (GAT)and glyphosate decarboxylase. In the system, the crop plant may comprisetolerance to an auxin-like herbicide comprises a transgene encoding DMOand/or AAD-1. In certain embodiments, the GAT protein is GAT4601 (SEQ IDNO:2), and may be encoded by a transgene comprising the nucleic acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:1. In a particular embodiment, expression of a GATprotein is accomplished by use of the SCP1 promoter.

In particular embodiments, a system of the invention is defined ascomprising the step of applying a third herbicide treatment at the latepost-emergence stage comprising a herbicidally effective amount of aherbicide selected from the group consisting of an auxin-like herbicide,a graminicide, a post-emergent selective herbicide, and a combinationthereof. In a further embodiment, a system of the invention comprisesthe step of applying a fourth herbicide treatment at the pre-harveststage comprising a herbicidally effective amount of a herbicide selectedfrom the group consisting of glyphosate, an auxin-like herbicide, apost-emergent selective herbicide, paraquat, and a combination thereof.In yet another embodiment, the system comprises the step of harvestingthe seeds from the crop plant after fourth treatment. The system mayalso comprise the step of applying a fifth herbicide treatment at thepost-harvest stage comprising a herbicidally effective amount of aherbicide selected from the group consisting of glyphosate, anauxin-like herbicide, paraquat, a pre-emergent selective residualherbicide, and a combination thereof.

An auxin-like herbicide may be selected from the group consisting ofdicamba, 2,4-D, and a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the cropplant is a dicot plant, examples of which include cotton and soybeans.The system may in particular comprise applying an amount of herbicideset forth in Table 4 and/or 5 for the respective herbicide(s). Thesystem may also further comprise the step of applying a third herbicidetreatment at the late post-emergence stage comprising a herbicidallyeffective amount of a herbicide selected from the group consisting ofglyphosate, an auxin-like herbicide, a graminicide, a post-emergentselective herbicide, and a combination thereof. The system may stillfurther comprise the step of applying a fourth herbicide treatment atthe pre-harvest stage comprising a herbicidally effective amount of aherbicide selected from the group consisting of glyphosate, anauxin-like herbicide, a post-emergent selective herbicide, paraquat, anda combination thereof. A system of the invention may also comprise thestep of harvesting the seeds from the crop plant after fourth treatment.

In one embodiment of the invention, the herbicide is selected from thegroup consisting of dicamba, 2,4-D, and a combination thereof. In acropping system of the invention, the herbicide treatment may controlthe growth of a herbicide resistant weed selected from the groupconsisting of: Alopecurus myosuroides, Avena fatua, Avena sterilis,Avena sterilis ludoviciana, Brachiaria plantaginea, Bromus diandrus,Bromus rigidus, Cynosurus echinatus, Digitaria ciliaris, Digitariaischaemum, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloacrusgalli, Echinochloa oryzicola, Echinochloa phyllopogon, Eleusineindica, Eriochloa punctata, Hordeum glaucum, Hordeum leporinum,Ischaemum rugosum, Leptochloa chinensis, Lolium multiflorum, Loliumperenne, Lolium persicum, Lolium rigidum, Phalaris minor, Phalarisparadoxa, Rottboellia exalta, Setaria faberi, Setaria viridis, Setariaviridis var. robusta-alba schreiber, Setaria viridis var.robusta-purpurea, Snowdenia polystachea, Sorghum halepense, Sorghumsudanese, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Amaranthus blitoides, Amaranthushybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus palmeri, Amaranthus powellii,Amaranthus quitensis, Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus rudis,Amaranthus tuberculatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida,Ammania auriculata, Ammania coccinea, Anthemis cotula, Aperaspica-venti, Bacopa rotundifolia, Bidens pilosa, Bidens subalternans,Brassica tournefortii, Bromus tectorum, Camelina microcarpa, Chenopodiumalbum, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Conyza bonariensis, Conyza canadensis,Cuscuta campestris, Cyperus difformis, Damasonium minus, Descurainiasophia, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Echium plantagineum, Elatine triandravar. pedicellata, Euphorbia heterophylla, Fallopia convolvulus,Fimbristylis miliacea, Galeopsis tetrahit, Galium spurium, Helianthusannuus, Iva xanthifolia, Ixophorus unisetus, Kochia scoparia, Lactucaserriola, Limnocharis flava, Limnophila erecta, Limnophila sessiliflora,Lindernia dubia, Lindernia dubia var. major, Lindernia micrantha,Lindernia procumbens, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Monochoriakorsakowii, Monochoria vaginalis, Neslia paniculata, Papaver rhoeas,Parthenium hysterophorus, Pentzia suffruticosa, Phalaris minor, Raphanusraphanistrum, Raphanus sativus, Rapistrum rugosum, Rotala indica var.uliginosa, Sagittaria guyanensis, Sagittaria montevidensis, Sagittariapygmaea, Salsola iberica, Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus, Scirpusmucronatus, Setaria lutescens, Sida spinosa, Sinapis arvensis,Sisymbrium orientale, Sisymbrium thellungii, Solanum ptycanthum, Sonchusasper, Sonchus oleraceus, Sorghum bicolor, Stellaria media, Thlaspiarvense, Xanthium strumarium, Arctotheca calendula, Conyza sumatrensis,Crassocephalum crepidiodes, Cuphea carthagenenis, Epilobium adenocaulon,Erigeron philadelphicus, Landoltia punctata, Lepidium virginicum,Monochoria korsakowii, Poa annua, Solanum americanum, Solanum nigrum,Vulpia bromoides, Youngia japonica, Hydrilla verticillata, Plantagolanceolata, Carduus nutans, Carduus pycnocephalus, Centaureasolstitialis, Cirsium arvense, Commelina diffusa, Convolvulus arvensis,Daucus carota, Digitaria ischaemum, Echinochloa crus-pavonis,Fimbristylis miliacea, Galeopsis tetrahit, Galium spurium, Limnophilaerecta, Matricaria perforate, Papaver rhoeas, Ranunculus acris, Solivasessilis, Sphenoclea zeylanica, Stellaria media, Nassella trichotoma,Stipa neesiana, Agrostis stolonifera, Polygonum aviculare, Alopecurusjaponicus, Beckmannia syzigachne, Bromus tectorum, Chloris inflate,Echinochloa erecta, Portulaca oleracea, and Senecio vulgaris. Thecropping system may further comprise the step of identifying a toughweed in the crop growing region and applying a herbicide treatmenteffective to control the tough weed, wherein tough weed is selected fromthe group consisting of Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus sp., Amaranthuspalmeri, Ambrosia artimisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Chenopodium album,Convolvulus arvensis, Conyza canadensis, Commelina sp., Commelinabenghalensis, Ipomoea sp., Kochia sp., Polygonum convolvulus, Loliumrigidum, Sida spinosa, and Solanum ptycanthum. In one embodiment, thecrop seed is a seed of a soybean or cotton plant.

In another aspect, the invention provides a cropping system as describedherein that further comprises: a) identifying within the crop growingregion a herbicide-resistant weed tolerant to at least the firstherbicide treatment; and b) applying an amount of an auxin-likeherbicide and/or glyphosate effective to control the herbicide resistantweed.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a cropping system forminimizing the development of a herbicide resistant weed in acrop-growing environment comprising: a) planting in a field a crop planthaving tolerance to glyphosate and auxin-like herbicides; b) applying atleast a first herbicide treatment comprising glyphosate and/or anauxin-like herbicide to the crop growing environment to control weeds;d) identifying a location in the field infested with weeds resistant toglyphosate or an auxin-like herbicide; and e) applying an amount ofglyphosate and/or the auxin-like herbicide effective to control theweeds resistant to glyphosate or an auxin-like herbicide. The plant maycomprise a transgene conferring herbicide tolerance to glyphosate. Thetransgene conferring herbicide tolerance to glyphosate may encode aprotein selected from the group consisting of glyphosate resistant5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), glyphosateoxidoreductase (GOX), glyphosate-N-acetyl transferase (GAT) andglyphosate decarboxylase. The crop plant may comprise a transgeneencoding DMO. In a particular embodiment, the GAT protein is GAT4601(SEQ ID NO:2), or is encoded by a transgene comprising SEQ ID NO:1.

In yet another aspect, the invention provides a method for minimizingthe development of a herbicide resistant weed comprising: rotating afirst cropping system in a first growing season with a second croppingsystem in a subsequent growing season, wherein the first and secondcropping systems comprise a cropping system according to claim 1. In themethod the crop plant in the first cropping system may possess at leastone different herbicide tolerance relative to the crop plant in thesecond cropping system. In one embodiment, the crop plant in the firstcropping system and the crop plant in the second cropping systemcomprise herbicide tolerances as set forth in Table 7. In anotherembodiment, the crop plant in the first and second cropping systems aretolerant to at least one herbicide selected from the group consisting ofglyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, 2,4-D and a combination thereof. Inspecific embodiments, the crop plant in selected from the groupconsisting of corn, cotton and soybean. The crop plant in the firstcropping system and crop plant in the second cropping system may be ofthe same or different species.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following is a detailed description of the invention provided to aidthose skilled in the art in practicing the present invention. Those ofordinary skill in the art may make modifications and variations in theembodiments described herein without departing from the spirit or scopeof the present invention.

The invention relates, in one aspect, to a method for growing cropplants that comprises employing one or more herbicides to control thegrowth of one or more weed species. The invention provides superior weedcontrol options, including reduction and/or prevention of herbicidetolerance in weeds (Table 1).

In one embodiment, an effective amount of a first herbicidal treatment(e.g. to control weeds) is applied to the crop growing environment priorto planting or at planting or prior to germination or a combinationthereof of the crop. Exemplary herbicides classified according to modesof action are given in Table 2. One or more herbicides for the firsttreatment of the second crop may be selected, depending upon thetolerance exhibited by the crop and depending upon the presence of aparticular weed species in the field, from herbicides belonging to thegroups approved by Weed Science Society of America (WSSA).

In certain embodiments, one or more herbicides for the first treatmentof the crop are selected from the following herbicides:

a) inhibitors of EPSP synthesis (Group 9) including glyphosate.Exemplary application rates for glyphosate herbicides, their tradenames, and suppliers are shown in Table 4 for soybean and Table 5 forcotton.

b) inhibitors of glutamine synthetase (GS) (Group 10) includingglufosinate. For soybean the application rate for glufosinate (Liberty™,Bayer CropScience) may be 28-34 oz/A or a maximum of 0.809 lbs ai/A perseason. For cotton, the application rate for glufosinate (Liberty, BayerCropScience) is, for example, 28-34 oz/A.

c) synthetic auxins or auxin-like herbicides (Group 4) including dicambaand 2,4-D. Application rates for these herbicides, their trade names,and suppliers are shown in Table 4 for soybean and Table 5 for cotton.

Pre-emergent crop selective residual herbicides may be selected from:

d) Acetanilides (AA; Group 15) are a family of selective herbicides thatare currently thought to control weeds by inhibiting very long chainfatty acid synthesis. Examples of selective AA for soybean and cotton,application rates, trade names, and suppliers are shown in Tables 4 and5, respectively. Formulations comprising acetochlor (e.g. Harness®,Monsanto; Surpass®, Surpass® EC, Dow) may also be utilized.

e) Acetolactate synthase inhibitors (ALS; Group 2) are a family ofselective herbicides that control weeds by inhibiting the formation ofbranched-chain amino acid synthesis. Examples of ALS for soybean andcotton, application rates, trade names, and suppliers are shown in Table4 and 5, respectively.

f) Dinitroanilines (DiNA; Group 3) are a family of selective herbicidesthat control weeds by binding to tubulin, thereby leading to loss ofmicrotubules in a cell. Examples of selective DiNA herbicides forsoybean and cotton, application rates, trade names, and suppliers areshown in Table 4 and 5, respectively.

g) Protoporphyrinogen-oxidase (PPG-oxidase; Group 14) inhibitors (PPO)are a family of selective herbicides that control weeds by inhibitingPPG-oxidase in chloroplasts and mitochondria, thereby blockingchlorophyll and heme synthesis and leading to excessive formation of thesinglet oxygen-generating protophorphyrin IX, eventually leading todisruptions in cell membranes. Examples of PPO herbicides for soybeanand cotton are shown in Table 4 and 5, respectively, includingapplication rates, trade names, and suppliers.

Non-limiting examples of herbicides that may be used in combination withdicamba on cotton include: glyphosate, pendimethalin (e.g. PROWL,PENDIMAX), Diuron, 2,4-D, carfentrazone-ethyl, fluometuron, MSMA(monosodium methanearsonic acid and salts), prometryn,pyrithiobac-sodium, metolachlor, acetochlor, trifloxysulfuron,fomesafen, flumioxazin, and sethoxydim (e.g. POAST). Herbicides may beapplied to crop plants pre-emergence or post-emergence (“over the top”)as appropriate. Thus, preferable pre-emergence herbicides that may beused with dicamba on DMO cotton (i.e. cotton comprising a dicambamonooxygenase transgene specifying tolerance to dicamba) may includeglyphosate, pendimethalin, diuron, carfentrazone ethyl, fluometuron,prometryn, flumioxazin, and fomesafen, among others. Prefereablepost-emergence herbicides for use with dicamba on DMO cotton may includeglyphosate, trifloxysulfuron, metolachlor, acetochlor, fomesafen,pyrithiobac-sodium, and sethoxydim, among others.

Non-limiting examples of herbicides for use with dicamba on corn areshown in Table 6.

Non-limiting examples of herbicides that may be used in combination withdicamba on soybean include: glyphosate, 2,4-D, chlorimuron-ethyl,clethodim, fluazifop P-butyl, flumioxazin (e.g. VALOR), fomesafen (e.g.FLEXSTAR, REFLEX), imazethapyr (e.g. LIGHTNING), metribuzin (e.g.SENCOR), and pendimethalin. Premixes and tank mixes with dicamba may beemployed, as well as separate applications of dicamba and another activeingredient. Non-limiting exemplary premix herbicides includecombinations of dicamba and atrazine (e.g. MARKSMAN), dicamba anddiflufenzopyr (e.g. DISTINCT), and dicamba and primisulfuron (e.g.NORTHSTAR).

In certain embodiments, one or more herbicides for the first treatmentof the crop may be selected from at least one low-risk herbicide such asEPSP synthesis inhibitors, GS inhibitors, and auxin-like herbicides. Inparticular embodiments the herbicide may be glyphosate, glufosinate,dicamba, or 2,4-D depending upon the tolerance exhibited by the crop andpresence of a weed species in the crop. Additionally, a pre-emergentherbicide and paraquat may be used. If more than one herbicide is usedthen they may be applied sequentially or as a mixture.

Once the seeds from the crop have germinated, a second treatment of aherbicidally effective amount may be applied to the crop growingenvironment of the crop at early post-emergence stage. One or moreherbicides for the second herbicide treatment may be selected fromherbicides belonging to the groups approved by Weed Science Society ofAmerica (WSSA) (e.g. Table 2) depending upon the type of toleranceexhibited by the crop and type of weed species present in the crop.Preferably, one or more herbicides for the second treatment of the cropmay be selected from at least one low-risk herbicide such as EPSPsynthesis inhibitors, GS inhibitors, and auxin-like herbicides, and agraminicide, or a crop selective post-emergent herbicide. Examples ofthese herbicides, application rates, trade names, and suppliers areshown in Table 4 for soybean and Table 5 for cotton. In certainembodiments, one or more herbicides for the second herbicide treatmentmay be selected from glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, and 2,4-D, and agraminicide, or a crop selective post-emergence herbicides. Inparticular embodiments, one or more herbicides may be selected fromglyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, or 2,4-D depending upon the toleranceexhibited by the crop and the presence of a weed species in the crop. Ifmore than one herbicide is used then they may be applied sequentially oras a mixture.

The second herbicidal treatment may be followed by an herbicidallyeffective amount of a third herbicide treatment at late post-emergencestage. The third treatment is similar to the second treatment.

After the third treatment, a herbicidally effective amount of a fourthtreatment may be applied at pre-harvest stage. One or more herbicidesfor the fourth herbicide treatment may be selected from herbicidesbelonging to the groups approved by Weed Science Society of America(WSSA) as cited above depending upon the type of tolerance exhibited bythe crop and type of weed species present in the crop. In certainembodiments, one or more herbicides for the fourth treatment may beselected from at least one low-risk herbicide such as EPSP synthesisinhibitors, GS inhibitors, auxin-like herbicides, and a crop selectivepost-emergence herbicide. Examples of these herbicides, applicationrates, trade names, and suppliers are shown in Table 4 for soybean andTable 5 for cotton. In particular embodiments, one or more herbicidesare selected from glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, or 2,4-D dependingupon the tolerance exhibited by the crop and the presence of a weedspecies present in the crop.

After the fourth treatment, a herbicidally effective amount of a fifthtreatment may be applied at a post-harvest stage. This treatment may beapplied in fall or spring, applied between a fallow period, or appliedbetween a crop planting in double crop planting situations. One or moreherbicides for the fifth treatment may be selected from herbicidesbelonging to the groups approved by Weed Science Society of America(WSSA) as cited above depending upon the type of tolerance exhibited bythe crop and type of weed species present in the crop. In certainembodiments, one or more herbicides for the fifth treatment is selectedfrom at least one low-risk herbicide such as EPSP synthesis inhibitors,GS inhibitors, auxin-like herbicides, or paraquat, or a crop selectivepre-emergence herbicide. Examples of these herbicides, applicationrates, trade names, and suppliers are shown in Table 4 for soybean andTable 5 for cotton. In particular embodiments, one or more herbicidesare selected from glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, or 2,4-D dependingupon the tolerance exhibited by the crop and the presence of a weedspecies in the crop.

A graminicide is not typically used with corn unless the corn hastolerance to it, for instance a “fops” herbicides used for controllinggrasses. Such tolerance can be provided by a gene encoding AAD-1.Non-limiting examples of fops herbicides include fluazifop-p-butyl, soldunder the trade name of FUSILADE (Syngenta), e.g. FUSILADE 2000,FUSILADE DX, FUSILADE FIVE, FUSILADE SUPER, FUSION, HORIZON, ORNAMEC,PP005, TORNADO, and FUSIFLEX.

In some embodiments of the present invention, a combination of twotreatments is selected from the first to fifth treatments. For example,only the first and second treatment, or the first or third treatment, orthe second and third treatments, or the fifth and second or thirdtreatments are applied to manage weeds.

In one embodiment of the present invention, one or more treatments ofone or more different mode of action herbicides are applied to the croptolerant to one or more herbicides for managing weeds.

In another embodiment of the cropping system of the present invention,no first or fifth treatment is applied. Instead these were replaced bymechanical methods such as tilling. The tilling is done by methods wellknown in the art. Preferably, tilling is done in fall or spring.

In yet another embodiment of the cropping system of the presentinvention, both first and fifth herbicidal treatments and tilling can becombined to obtain better weed management.

In yet another embodiment, the cropping system of the present inventionis practiced for managing herbicide resistant weeds in a crop-growingenvironment of a crop involving a further step of identifying aherbicide resistant weed. In specific embodiments the weed is selectedfrom the group consisting of: Alopecurus myosuroides, Avena fatua, Avenasterilis, Avena sterilis ludoviciana, Brachiaria plantaginea, Bromusdiandrus, Bromus rigidus, Cynosurus echinatus, Digitaria ciliaris,Digitaria ischaemum, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa colona,Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa oryzicola, Echinochloa phyllopogon,Eleusine indica, Eriochloa punctata, Hordeum glaucum, Hordeum leporinum,Ischaemum rugosum, Leptochloa chinensis, Lolium multiflorum, Loliumperenne, Lolium persicum, Lolium rigidum, Phalaris minor, Phalarisparadoxa, Rottboellia exalta, Setaria faberi, Setaria viridis, Setariaviridis var. robusta-alba Schreiber, Setaria viridis var.robusta-purpurea, Snowdenia polystachea, Sorghum halepense, Sorghumsudanese, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Amaranthus blitoides, Amaranthushybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus palmeri, Amaranthus powellii,Amaranthus quitensis, Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus rudis,Amaranthus tuberculatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida,Ammania auriculata, Ammania coccinea, Anthemis cotula, Aperaspica-venti, Bacopa rotundifolia, Bidens pilosa, Bidens subalternans,Brassica tournefortii, Bromus tectorum, Camelina microcarpa, Chenopodiumalbum, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Conyza bonariensis, Conyza canadensis,Cuscuta campestris, Cyperus difformis, Damasonium minus, Descurainiasophia, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Echium plantagineum, Elatine triandravar. pedicellata, Euphorbia heterophylla, Fallopia convolvulus,Fimbristylis miliacea, Galeopsis tetrahit, Galium spurium, Helianthusannuus, Iva xanthifolia, Ixophorus unisetus, Kochia scoparia, Lactucaserriola, Limnocharis flava, Limnophila erecta, Limnophila sessiliflora,Lindernia dubia, Lindernia dubia var. major, Lindernia micrantha,Lindernia procumbens, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Monochoriakorsakowii, Monochoria vaginalis, Neslia paniculata, Papaver rhoeas,Parthenium hysterophorus, Pentzia suffruticosa, Phalaris minor, Raphanusraphanistrum, Raphanus sativus, Rapistrum rugosum, Rotala indica var.uliginosa, Sagittaria guyanensis, Sagittaria montevidensis, Sagittariapygmaea, Salsola iberica, Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus, Scirpusmucronatus, Setaria lutescens, Sida spinosa, Sinapis arvensis,Sisymbrium orientale, Sisymbrium thellungii, Solanum ptycanthum, Sonchusasper, Sonchus oleraceus, Sorghum bicolor, Stellaria media, Thlaspiarvense, Xanthium strumarium, Arctotheca calendula, Conyza sumatrensis,Crassocephalum crepidiodes, Cuphea carthagenenis, Epilobium adenocaulon,Erigeron philadelphicus, Landoltia punctata, Lepidium virginicum,Monochoria korsakowii, Poa annua, Solanum americanum, Solanum nigrum,Vulpia bromoides, Youngia japonica, Hydrilla verticillata, Plantagolanceolata, Carduus nutans, Carduus pycnocephalus, Centaureasolstitialis, Cirsium arvense, Commelina diffusa, Convolvulus arvensis,Daucus carota, Digitaria ischaemum, Echinochloa crus-pavonis,Fimbristylis miliacea, Galeopsis tetrahit, Galium spurium, Limnophilaerecta, Matricaria perforate, Papaver rhoeas, Ranunculus acris, Solivasessilis, Sphenoclea zeylanica, Stellaria media, Nassella trichotoma,Stipa neesiana, Agrostis stolonifera, Polygonum aviculare, Alopecurusjaponicus, Beckmannia syzigachne, Bromus tectorum, Chloris inflate,Echinochloa erecta, Portulaca oleracea, and Senecio vulgaris.

In another embodiment, the cropping system of the present invention ispracticed for managing an herbicide-resistant volunteer plant furtherinvolving a step of identifying an herbicide-resistant volunteer toglyphosate or an auxin-like herbicide. The herbicide resistant volunteermay belong to one or more of the following plant species: corn, rice,cotton, sorghum, wheat, barley, turfgrass, oats, alfalfa, sugar beets,potatoes, beans, peas, millet, flax, peanuts, rapeseed, and soybeans.

In yet another embodiment, the cropping system of the present inventionis practiced for managing tough weeds in a crop-growing environment of acrop. The embodiment may further involve the step of identifying a toughweed including, among others, the following: Abutilon theophrasti,Amaranthus sp., Amaranthus palmeri, Ambrosia artimisiifolia, Ambrosiatrifida, Chenopodium album, Convolvulus arvensis, Conyza canadensis,Commelina sp., Commelina benghalensis, Ipomoea sp., Kochia sp.,Polygonum convolvulus, Lolium rigidum, Sida spinosa, and Solanumptycanthum, and applying an herbicidally effective amount of anherbicide that is active against the tough weed, wherein the crop istolerant to the herbicide that is active against the tough weed.

In another embodiment, the cropping system of the present invention ispracticed for minimizing the development of herbicide resistant weeds ina crop-growing environment of a crop. In one embodiment, this mayinvolve spot application of an herbicide to which the herbicideresistant weed is susceptible. The method can be modified to select apopulation of at least one weed resistant to a first herbicide byapplying the first herbicide over several growing seasons and thenapplying a second herbicide to kill the weeds resistant to the firstherbicide in a subsequent growing season.

In still yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method forminimizing the development of an herbicide resistant weed is designed byrotating a first cropping system comprising a crop tolerant to one ormore low-risk herbicides and accompanying herbicidal treatments with asecond cropping system comprising a crop tolerant to one or morelow-risk herbicides and accompanying herbicidal treatments. For example,if the crop in the first cropping system is tolerant to glyphosate thenthe crop in the second cropping system can be tolerant to an auxin-likeherbicide, such as dicamba, or tolerant to glypho sate and an auxin likeherbicide. In an embodiment of this method, a first soybean croptolerant to one or more low-risk herbicides is rotated with a second oneor more low-risk herbicides tolerant crop selected from the groupconsisting of corn, rice, cotton, sorghum, wheat, barley, oats, alfalfa,sugar beets, potatoes, beans, peas, millet, rapeseed, and flax. In oneembodiment, the method involves rotating soybean having tolerance to oneor more herbicides with corn having tolerance to one or more herbicides.

In another embodiment of this method, a first cotton crop tolerant toone or more low-risk herbicides is rotated with a second one or morelow-risk herbicides tolerant crop selected from the group consisting ofcorn, peanuts, soybeans, grain, and sorghum. In yet another embodiment,the method involves rotating a crop system comprising cotton havingtolerance to one or more low risk herbicides with a crop systemcomprising cotton having tolerance to one or more herbicides. Forexample, if the first cotton crop is tolerant to glyphosate then thecrop in the second cropping system may be tolerant to an auxin-likeherbicide or tolerant to glyphosate and an auxin like herbicide. In thelatter situation, the herbicide rotation may be practiced such that theweed control is maintained and so that the glyphosate resistant weeddoes not flourish in the “off” season i.e., without glyphosate duringthe rotation, and thereby become a worse problem. Using two herbicidessimultaneously may be preferable, as the two herbicides may work at thesame time without interfering or antagonizing each other.

In one embodiment, the crop in the cropping system of the presentinvention may be tolerant to at least one low-risk herbicide belongingto the WSSA mode of action groups 4, 9, or 15. In another embodiment,the crop is tolerant to an EPSP synthesis inhibitor, a GS inhibitor,and/or an auxin-like herbicide. In yet another embodiment, the crop istolerant to glyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, 2,4-D, or a combinationthereof.

In one embodiment, the cropping systems disclosed herein employtransgenic crops having one or more transgenic traits providingtolerance to one or more different mode of action herbicides such asglyphosate, glufosinate, dicamba, or 2,4-D for managing weeds, includingherbicide resistant weeds, tough weeds, herbicide resistant volunteerplants. These systems may also minimize the potential development ofherbicide resistant weeds in the future. Further, the cropping systemsof the present invention, in one embodiment, allow use of transgeniccrops tolerant to one or more herbicides that are considered low riskherbicides thus further minimizing the potential of developing weedsresistant to those herbicides. In particular embodiments, the croppingsystems utilize transgenic plants displaying tolerance to dicamba,glyphosate, and/or glufosinate.

Pre-emergent applications of auxin-like herbicides such as dicamba havepreviously required herbicide applications well in advance of plantingand germination of plants susceptible to auxin-like herbicides to allowbreakdown of the herbicide in the environment and avoid significant cropdamage or death. Most crop plants, and particularly dicotyledonousplants such as soybeans and cotton are extremely sensitive to dicamba.Thus, the recommended post-application delays in planting bymanufacturers must be closely followed. Use of crop plants displayingtolerance to one or more auxin-like herbicides such as 2,4-D or relatedcompounds, and dicamba allows for application of such herbicides at ornear the time of planting,

It has been found, for example, that soybean plants transformed withdicamba monooxygenase (DMO)-encoding polynucleotide constructs weretolerant to even early pre-emergence application of dicamba, with lessthan 10% injury rates at even 9× the labeled application rate (5,040g/ha, 4.5 lb/acre). It was found that, even using an 18× applicationrate of 10,080 g/ha (9 lb/acre), injury to transgenic dicamba tolerantplants was less than 20% (U.S. Ser. No. 60/811,276, incoroporated hereinby reference). At an approximately 2× rate of application of 1122 g/ha,less than 2% injury was observed. It was therefore indicated theimproved weed control associated with pre- and post-emergenceapplications of herbicides may be used without any significant decreasesin productivity due to herbicide damage. Pre-emergent applications ofdicamba to soybean, for instance, according to the invention maytherefore be combined with one or more herbicide applicationspost-emergence to dicamba-tolerant plants, while maintaining crop yieldand obtaining improved weed control. For example, one such herbicideapplication regime involves a late pre-emergence application of dicambato soybean plants in conjunction with a post-emergence application ofdicamba at the V2 stage of development. In certain embodiments, thepost-emergence application may be carried out at any point fromemergence to harvest. A particular embodiment comprises post-emergenceapplication at any V stage until the soybean canopy closes, for example,at about the V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6 and/or later stages.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method for controlling weedgrowth in a field comprising: a) applying an herbicidally effectiveamount of an auxin-like herbicide to a crop-growing environment; andplanting a transgenic seed of a crop plant expressing a nucleic acidencoding dicamba monooxygenase in soil of the crop-growing environment,wherein the seed germinates within 30 days or less days of applying theherbicide In certain embodiments, the seed germinates within four weeks,three weeks, two weeks, or less than one week after treating the growingenvironment with the auxin-like herbicide. The treated growingenvironment may be, for example, a field in which a crop is planted. Apopulation of seeds of a plant tolerant to the auxin-like herbicide maybe planted in the field. Treating the environment can be carried outaccording to known techniques in the art using, for example,commercially available formulations of auxin-like herbicides such asdicamba. The environment includes an area for which control of weeds isdesired and in which the seed of a plant tolerant to the auxin-likeherbicide can be planted. A weed can be directly contacted withherbicide in the environment and soil in the environment can becontacted with the herbicide, preventing or reducing weed growth in thesoil. The step of treating the environment with a herbicide may becarried out before, after, or concurrently with the step of planting thesoil with the transgenic seed. The transgenic seed may be planted intosoil in the environment, for example, within 30 days before or aftertreatment, including from between about three weeks, two weeks, one weekand 0 weeks before or after treatment, further including from betweenabout 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 days before or after treatment, includingconcurrently with treatment. In the method, the seed may germinate, forexample, from between about 30 days and 0 days after treating theenvironment, including between about 21, 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, 5, 4,3, 2, 1 and about 0 days after treating the environment. The method mayfurther comprise applying one or more additional treatments of anauxin-like herbicide after the seed germinates and/or the plant isgrowing.

In a method of the invention, the auxin-like herbicide may be selectedfrom the group consisting of a phenoxy carboxylic acid compound, benzoicacid compound, pyridine carboxylic acid compound, quinoline carboxylicacid compound, and benazolinethyl compound. Examples of a phenoxycarboxylic acid compound include 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D),4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid (2,4-DB) and(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid (MCPA). In certain embodiments, aherbicidally effective amount of 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, and/or MCPA used isbetween about 2 g/ha (grams/hectare) to about 5000 g/ha, including about50 g/ha to about 2500 g/ha, about 60 g/ha to about 2000 g/ha, about 100g/ha to about 2000 g/ha, about 75 g/ha to about 1000 g/ha, about 100g/ha to about 500 g/ha, and from about 100 g/ha to about 280 g/ha. Incertain embodiments dicamba is used as the herbicide. In certainembodiments, an herbicidally effective amount of dicamba used may befrom about 2.5 g/ha to about 10,080 g/ha, including about 2.5 g/ha toabout 5,040 g/ha, about 5 g/ha to about 2,020 g/ha, about 10 g/a toabout 820 g/h and about 50 g/ha to about 1,000 g/ha, about 100 g/ha toabout 800 g/ha and about 250 g/ha to about 800 g/ha.

In accordance with the invention, methods and compositions for thecontrol of weeds are provided comprising the use of plants exhibitingtolerance to glyphosate and auxin-like herbicides such as dicamba. Thecombination of dicamba and glyphosate allows use of decreased herbicidequantities to achieve the same level of control of glyphosate-tolerantweeds. This provides a significant advance for the control of herbicidetolerance in commercial production fields. In one embodiment, a tank mixof glyphosate and dicamba is applied pre- and/or post-emergence toplants. Glyphosate and dicamba may additionally be applied separately.In order to achieve the same level of weed control using a reducedamount of herbicide relative to individual applications of either orboth herbicides, the glyphosate and dicamba are preferably appliedwithin a sufficient interval that both herbicides remain active and ableto control weed growth.

The combined use of lower amounts of herbicide to achieve the samedegree of weed control as an application of only one of the herbicidesis therefore contemplated. For example, the invention provides methodsof weed control comprising applying in a field planted with transgenicplants having tolerance to dicamba and glyphosate a herbicidecomposition comprising less than a 1× rate of glyphosate and/or dicamba,relative to the standard manufacturer labeled rate. Examples ofrespective glyphosate and dicamba application rates include from about a0.5×-0.95× of either herbicide, specifically including about 0.5×, 0.6×,0.7×, 0.8×, 0.85×, 0.9x, and 0.95× of either herbicide and all derivablecombinations thereof, as well as higher rates such as 0.97× and 0.99×.Alternatively, in the case of more difficult to control weeds or where agreater degree of weed control is desired, 1× and higher applicationrates may be made in view of the finding herein that even highapplication rates of dicamba did not significantly damage plants. The 1×application rates are set by the manufacturer of a commerciallyavailable herbicide formulation and are known to those of skill in theart. For example, the label for Fallow MasterTM, a glyphosate anddicamba mixture having a ratio of glyphosate:dicamba of about 2:1recommends application rates of about 451 g/ha (311 ae g/haglyphosate:140 ae g/ha dicamba) to 621 ae g/ha (428 ae g/ha glyphosate:193 ae g/ha dicamba) depending upon the weed species and weed height.Combining glyphosate and dicamba allows decreased herbicide use toachieve the same level of weed control as shown below. The spectrum ofweeds that may be controlled at any given herbicide application rate maytherefore be increased when the herbicides are combined.

Transgenic plants having herbicide tolerance may be made as described inthe art. Dicamba tolerance may be conferred, for example, by a gene fordicamba monooxygenase (DMO) from Pseudomonas maltophilia (e.g. U.S.Patent Application No: 20030135879). Examples of sequences that may beused in this regard are also found in U.S. Patent Application60/811,276, incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Additionalauxin-like herbicide-degrading activities are also known, including adehalogenase activity (Wang, 1996).

Unmodified and modified protein molecules and their correspondingnucleic acid molecules providing herbicide tolerances to one or more ofthese herbicides are well known in the art. They are exemplified belowand are incorporated herein by reference:

a) sequences encoding tolerance to glyphosate include5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthases (EPSPS; U.S. Pat. No.5,627,061, U.S. Pat. No. RE39,247, U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,497, U.S. Pat.No. 5,094,945, WO04074443, and WO004009761), glyphosate oxidoreductase(GOX; U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,175), glyphosate decarboxylase (WO05003362 andU.S. Patent Application 20040177399), and glyphosate-N-acetyltransferase (GAT; e.g. U.S. Patent publications 20030083480 and20070079393) conferring tolerance to glyphosate;

b) dicamba monooxygenase (DMO, encoded by ddmC) conferring tolerance toauxin-like herbicides such as dicamba (U.S. Patent Applications20030115626, 20030135879; Wang et al., 1996; Herman et al., 2005);

c) phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (bar) conferring tolerance tophosphinothricin or glufosinate (U.S. Pat. No. 5,646,024, U.S. Pat. No.5,561,236, EP 275,957; U.S. Pat. No. 5,276,268; U.S. Pat. No. 5,637,489;U.S. Pat. No. 5,273,894);

d) 2,2-dichloropropionic acid dehalogenase conferring tolerance to2,2-dichloropropionic acid (Dalapon) (WO9927116);

e) acetohydroxyacid synthase or acetolactate synthase conferringtolerance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors such as sulfonylurea,imidazolinone, triazolopyrimidine, pyrimidyloxybenzoates and phthalide(U.S. Pat. No. 6,225,105; U.S. Pat. No. 5,767,366, U.S. Pat. No.4,761,373; U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,437; U.S. Pat. No. 6,613,963; U.S. Pat.No. 5,013,659; U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,870; U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,824; U.S.Pat. No. 5,605,011);

f) haloarylnitrilase (Bxn) for conferring tolerance to bromoxynil(WO8704181A1; U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648; WO8900193A);

g) modified acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase for conferring tolerance tocyclohexanedione (sethoxydim) and aryloxyphenoxypropionate (haloxyfop)(U.S. Pat. No. 6,414,222);

h) dihydropteroate synthase (sulI) for conferring tolerance tosulfonamide herbicides (U.S. Pat. No. 5,597,717; U.S. Pat. No.5,633,444; U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,046);

i) 32 kD photosystem II polypeptide (psbA) for conferring tolerance totriazine herbicides (Hirschberg et al., 1983);

j) anthranilate synthase for conferring tolerance to 5-methyltryptophan(U.S. Pat. No. 4,581,847);

k) dihydrodipicolinic acid synthase (dapA) for conferring to toleranceto aminoethyl cysteine (WO8911789);

l) phytoene desaturase (crtI) for conferring tolerance to pyridazinoneherbicides such as norflurazon (JP06343473);

m) hydroxy-phenyl pyruvate dioxygenase for conferring tolerance tocyclopropylisoxazole herbicides such as isoxaflutole (WO 9638567; U.S.Pat. No. 6,268,549); Pat. No. n) modified protoporphyrinogen oxidase I(protox) for conferring tolerance to protoporphyrinogen oxidaseinhibitors (U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,602); and

o) aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase (AAD-1, AAD-12) for conferring toleranceto an herbicide containing an aryloxyalkanoate moiety (WO05107437;WO07053482). Examples of such herbicides include phenoxy auxins (such as2,4-D and dichlorprop), pyridyloxy auxins (such as fluroxypyr andtriclopyr), aryloxyphenoxypropionates (AOPP) acetyl-coenzyme Acarboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors (such as haloxyfop, quizalofop, anddiclofop), and 5-substituted phenoxyacetate protoporphyrinogen oxidaseIX inhibitors (such as pyraflufen and flumiclorac).

Variants of DMOs having a capability to degrade auxin-like herbicides,as well as glyphosate or other herbicide tolerance genes, can readily beprepared and assayed for activity according to standard methods. Suchsequences can also be identified by techniques known in the art such asnucleic acid hybridization, for example, from suitable organismsincluding bacteria that degrade auxin-like herbicides such as dicamba orother herbicides (U.S. Pat. No. 5,445,962; Cork and Krueger, 1991; Corkand Khalil, 1995). Variants can also be chemically synthesized, forexample, using the known DMO polynucleotide sequences according totechniques well known in the art. For instance, DNA sequences may besynthesized by phosphoamidite chemistry in an automated DNA synthesizer.Chemical synthesis may be desirable because codons preferred by the hostin which the DNA sequence will be expressed may be used to optimizeexpression.

Modification and changes may be made to the polypeptide sequence of aprotein such as the DMO sequences provided herein while retainingenzymatic activity. The following is a discussion based upon changingthe amino acids of a protein to create an equivalent, or even animproved, modified polypeptide and corresponding coding sequences. It isknown, for example, that certain amino acids may be substituted forother amino acids in a protein structure without appreciable loss ofinteractive binding capacity with structures such as binding sites onsubstrate molecules. Since it is the interactive capacity and nature ofa protein that defines that protein's biological functional activity,certain amino acid sequence substitutions can be made in a proteinsequence, and, of course, its underlying DNA coding sequence, andnevertheless obtain a protein with like properties. It is thuscontemplated that various changes may be made in the DMO peptidesequences described herein or other herbicide tolerance polypeptides andcorresponding DNA coding sequences without appreciable loss of theirbiological utility or activity.

In making such changes, the hydropathic index of amino acids may beconsidered. The importance of the hydropathic amino acid index inconferring interactive biologic function on a protein is generallyunderstood in the art (Kyte et al., 1982). It is accepted that therelative hydropathic character of the amino acid contributes to thesecondary structure of the resultant protein, which in turn defines theinteraction of the protein with other molecules, for example, enzymes,substrates, receptors, DNA, antibodies, antigens, and the like.

It is known in the art that amino acids may be substituted by otheramino acids having a similar hydropathic index or score and still resultin a protein with similar biological activity, i.e., still obtain abiological functionally equivalent protein. In making such changes, thesubstitution of amino acids whose hydropathic indices are within ±2 ispreferred, those which are within ±1 are particularly preferred, andthose within ±0.5 are even more particularly preferred.

It is also understood in the art that the substitution of like aminoacids can be made effectively on the basis of hydrophilicity. U.S. Pat.No. 4,554,101 states that the greatest local average hydrophilicity of aprotein, as governed by the hydrophilicity of its adjacent amino acids,correlates with a biological property of the protein. It is understoodthat an amino acid can be substituted for another having a similarhydrophilicity value and still obtain a biologically equivalent protein.In such changes, the substitution of amino acids whose hydrophilicityvalues are within ±2 is preferred, those which are within ±1 areparticularly preferred, and those within ±0.5 are even more particularlypreferred. Exemplary substitutions which take these and various of theforegoing characteristics into consideration are well known to those ofskill in the art and include: arginine and lysine; glutamate andaspartate; serine and threonine; glutamine and asparagine; and valine,leucine and isoleucine.

A gene conferring herbicide tolerance will typically be linked to aplant promoter driving expression of the gene in an amount sufficient toconfer the herbicide tolerance. Promoters suitable for this and otheruses are well known in the art. Examples describing such promotersinclude U.S. Pat. No. 6,437,217 (maize RS81 promoter), U.S. Pat. No.5,641,876 (rice actin promoter), U.S. Pat. No. 6,426,446 (maize RS324promoter), U.S. Pat. No. 6,429,362 (maize PR-1 promoter), U.S. Pat. No.6,232,526 (maize A3 promoter), U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,611 (constitutivemaize promoters), U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,938, 5,352,605, 5,359,142 and5,530,196 (35S promoter), U.S. Pat. No. 6,433,252 (maize L3 oleosinpromoter), U.S. Pat. No. 6,429,357 (rice actin 2 promoter as well as arice actin 2 intron), U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,848 (root specific promoter),U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,714 (light inducible promoters), U.S. Pat. No.6,140,078 (salt inducible promoters), U.S. Pat. No. 6,252,138 (pathogeninducible promoters), U.S. Pat. No. 6,175,060 (phosphorus deficiencyinducible promoters), U.S. Pat. No. 6,388,170 (bidirectional promoters),U.S. Pat. No. 6,635,806 (gamma-coixin promoter), and U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 09/757,089 (maize chloroplast aldolase promoter).Additional promoters that may find use are a nopaline synthase (NOS)promoter (Ebert et al., 1987), the octopine synthase (OCS) promoter(which is carried on tumor-inducing plasmids of Agrobacteriumtumefaciens), the caulimovirus promoters such as the cauliflower mosaicvirus (CaMV) 19S promoter (Lawton et al., 1987), the CaMV 35S promoter(Odell et al., 1985), the figwort mosaic virus 35S-promoter (Walker etal., 1987), the sucrose synthase promoter (Yang et al., 1990), the Rgene complex promoter (Chandler et al., 1989), the chlorophyll a/bbinding protein gene promoter, CaMV35S (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,938;5,352,605; 5,359,142; and 5,530,196), FMV35S (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,051,753;5,378,619), a PC1SV promoter (e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,019, and thepromoter of SEQ ID NO:15), the SCP1 promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,503);and AGRtu.nos (GenBank Accession V00087; Depicker et al, 1982; Bevan etal., 1983) promoters, and the like.

Benefit may be obtained for the expression of herbicide tolerance genesby use of a sequence coding for a transit peptide. For example,incorporation of a suitable chloroplast transit peptide, such as, theArabidopsis thaliana EPSPS CTP (Klee et al., 1987), and the Petuniahybrida EPSPS CTP (della-Cioppa et al., 1986) has been shown to targetheterologous EPSPS protein sequences to chloroplasts in transgenicplants. DMO may also be targeted to chloroplasts. Chloroplast transitpeptides (CTPs) are engineered to be fused to the N-terminus of aprotein to direct the protein into the plant chloroplast. Such sequencesmay find use in connection with a nucleic acid conferring dicambatolerance in particular. Many chloroplast-localized proteins areexpressed from nuclear genes as precursors and are targeted to thechloroplast by a chloroplast transit peptide that is removed during theimport process. Examples of chloroplast proteins include the smallsubunit (RbcS2) of ribulose-1,5,-bisphosphate carboxylase such as frompea (Pisum sativum), ferredoxin, ferredoxin oxidoreductase, thelight-harvesting complex protein I and protein II, and thioredoxin F.Other exemplary chloroplast targeting sequences include the maize cab-m7signal sequence (Becker et al., 1992; PCT WO 97/41228), the peaglutathione reductase signal sequence (Creissen et al., 1995; PCT WO97/41228), and the CTP of the Nicotiana tobaccum ribulose1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit chloroplast transit peptide(SSU-CTP) (Mazur, et al., 1985). Use of AtRbcS4 (CTP1; U.S. Pat. No.5,728,925), AtShkG (CTP2; Klee et al., 1987), AtShkGZm (CTP2synthetic;see SEQ ID NO:14 of WO04009761), PsRbcS (Coruzzi et al., 1984), andthose disclosed in U.S. Provisional Appln. Ser. No. 60/891,675 with theinvention in particular may be of benefit, for instance with regard toexpression of a DMO polypeptide (e.g. see SEQ ID NOs:3-14 for peptidesequences of CTPs and the nucleic acid sequences that encode them).

A 5′ UTR that functions as a translation leader sequence is a DNAgenetic element located between the promoter sequence of a gene and thecoding sequence. The translation leader sequence is present in the fullyprocessed mRNA upstream of the translation start sequence. Thetranslation leader sequence may affect processing of the primarytranscript to mRNA, mRNA stability or translation efficiency. Examplesof translation leader sequences include maize and petunia heat shockprotein leaders (U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,865), plant virus coat proteinleaders, plant rubisco leaders, among others (Turner and Foster, 1995).Non-limiting examples of 5′ UTRs that may in particular be of benefitfor use GmHsp (U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,122), PhDnaK (U.S. Pat. No.5,362,865), AtAntl, TEV (Carrington and Freed, 1990), and AGRtunos(GenBank Accession V00087; Bevan et al., 1983) .

The 3′ non-translated sequence, 3′ transcription termination region, orpoly adenylation region means a DNA molecule linked to and locateddownstream of a structural polynucleotide molecule and includespolynucleotides that provide polyadenylation signal and other regulatorysignals capable of affecting transcription, mRNA processing or geneexpression. The polyadenylation signal functions in plants to cause theaddition of polyadenylate nucleotides to the 3′ end of the mRNAprecursor. The polyadenylation sequence can be derived from the naturalgene, from a variety of plant genes, or from T-DNA genes. An example ofa 3′ transcription termination region is the nopaline synthase 3′ region(nos 3′; Fraley et al., 1983). The use of different 3′ nontranslatedregions is exemplified (Ingelbrecht et al., 1989). Polyadenylationmolecules from a Pisum sativum RbcS2 gene (Ps.RbcS2-E9; Coruzzi et al.,1984) and AGRtu.nos (Genbank Accession E01312) in particular may be ofbenefit for use with the invention.

Any of the techniques known in the art for introduction of transgenesinto plants may be used to prepare a herbicide tolerant plant inaccordance with the invention (see, for example, Miki et al., 1993).Suitable methods for transformation of plants are believed to includevirtually any method by which DNA can be introduced into a cell, such asby electroporation as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,253;microprojectile bombardment as illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,015,580;5,550,318; 5,538,880; 6,160,208; 6,399,861; and 6,403,865;Agrobacterium-mediated transformation as illustrated in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,635,055; 5,824,877; 5,591,616; 5,981,840; and 6,384,301; andprotoplast transformation as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,184,etc. Through the application of techniques such as these, the cells ofvirtually any plant species may be stably transformed, and these cellsdeveloped into transgenic plants. Techniques that may be particularlyuseful in the context of cotton transformation are disclosed in U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,846,797, 5,159,135, 5,004,863, and 6,624,344; and techniquesfor transforming Brassica plants in particular are disclosed, forexample, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,871; and techniques for transformingsoybean are disclosed in for example in Zhang et al., 1999 and U.S. Pat.No. 6,384,301). Techniques for transforming corn are disclosed, forexample, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,060,876, U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,616, andWO9506722.

After effecting delivery of exogenous DNA to recipient cells, the nextsteps generally concern identifying the transformed cells for furtherculturing and plant regeneration. In order to improve the ability toidentify transformants, one may desire to employ a selectable orscreenable marker gene with a transformation vector prepared inaccordance with the invention. In this case, one would then generallyassay the potentially transformed cell population by exposing the cellsto a selective agent or agents, or one would screen the cells for thedesired marker gene trait.

Cells that survive the exposure to the selective agent, or cells thathave been scored positive in a screening assay, may be cultured in mediathat supports regeneration of plants. In an exemplary embodiment, anysuitable plant tissue culture media, for example, MS and N6 media may bemodified by including further substances such as growth regulators.Tissue may be maintained on a basic media with growth regulators untilsufficient tissue is available to begin plant regeneration efforts, orfollowing repeated rounds of manual selection, until the morphology ofthe tissue is suitable for regeneration, typically at least 2 weeks,then transferred to media conducive to shoot formation. Cultures aretransferred periodically until sufficient shoot formation has occurred.Once shoot are formed, they are transferred to media conducive to rootformation. Once sufficient roots are formed, plants can be transferredto soil for further growth and maturity.

To confirm the presence of the exogenous DNA or “transgene(s)” in theregenerating plants, a variety of assays may be performed. Such assaysinclude, for example, “molecular biological” assays, such as Southernand Northern blotting and PCR™; “biochemical” assays, such as detectingthe presence of a protein product, e.g., by immunological means (ELISAsand Western blots) or by enzymatic function; plant part assays, such asleaf or root assays; and also, by analyzing the phenotype of the wholeregenerated plant.

Once a transgene has been introduced into a plant, that gene can beintroduced into any plant sexually compatible with the first plant bycrossing, without the need for ever directly transforming the secondplant. Therefore, as used herein the term “progeny” denotes theoffspring of any generation of a parent plant prepared in accordancewith the instant invention, wherein the progeny comprises a selected DNAconstruct prepared in accordance with the invention. A “transgenicplant” may thus be of any generation. “Crossing” a plant to provide aplant line having one or more added transgenes or alleles relative to astarting plant line, as disclosed herein, is defined as the techniquesthat result in a particular sequence being introduced into a plant lineby crossing a starting line with a donor plant line that comprises atransgene or allele of the invention. To achieve this one could, forexample, perform the following steps: (a) plant seeds of the first(starting line) and second (donor plant line that comprises a desiredtransgene or allele) parent plants; (b) grow the seeds of the first andsecond parent plants into plants that bear flowers; (c) pollinate aflower from the first parent plant with pollen from the second parentplant; and (d) harvest seeds produced on the parent plant bearing thefertilized flower.

The crop may be a dicot crop selected from the group consisting ofalfalfa, beans, broccoli, cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, celery, Chinesecabbage, cotton, cucumber, eggplant, lettuce, melon, pea, pepper,peanut, potato, pumpkin, radish, rapeseed, spinach, soybean, squash,sugarbeet, sunflower, tomato, and watermelon. Preferably, the crop is asoybean or cotton crop.

The crop may be a monocot crop selected from the group consisting ofcorn, onion, rice, sorghum, wheat, rye, millet, sugarcane, oat,triticale, switchgrass, and turfgrass. Preferably, the crop is corn.

Nucleic acid molecules providing tolerance to glyphosate, glufosinate,dicamba, and 2,4-D are disclosed above. These nucleic acid molecules areintroduced in soybean or cotton by transformation methods as disclosedabove.

Equipment and methods known in the art are used to apply variousherbicide treatments as disclosed herein. The application rates ofherbicides maybe varied, for instance as described above, depending uponthe soil texture, pH, organic matter content, tillage systems, and thesize of the weed, and can be determined by consulting the herbicidelabel for the proper herbicide rate.

The preparation of herbicide compositions for use in connection with thecurrent invention will be apparent to those of skill in the art in viewof the disclosure. Such compositions, which are commercially available,will typically include, in addition to the active ingredient, componentssuch as surfactants, solid or liquid carriers, solvents and binders.Examples of surfactants that may be used for application to plantsinclude the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or ammonium salts ofaromatic sulfonic acids, e.g., ligno-, phenol-, naphthalene- anddibutylnaphthalenesulfonic acid, and of fatty acids of arylsulfonates,of alkyl ethers, of lauryl ethers, of fatty alcohol sulfates and offatty alcohol glycol ether sulfates, condensates of sulfonatednaphthalene and its derivatives with formaldehyde, condensates ofnaphthalene or of the naphthalenesulfonic acids with phenol andformaldehyde, condensates of phenol or phenolsulfonic acid withformaldehyde, condensates of phenol with formaldehyde and sodiumsulfite, polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether, ethoxylated isooctyl-,octyl-or nonylphenol, tributylphenyl polyglycol ether, alkylarylpolyether alcohols, isotridecyl alcohol, ethoxylated castor oil,ethoxylated triarylphenols, salts of phosphatedtriarylphenolethoxylates, lauryl alcohol polyglycol ether acetate,sorbitol esters, lignin-sulfite waste liquors or methylcellulose, ormixtures of these. Common practice in the case of surfactant use isabout 0.25% to 1.0% by weight, and more commonly about 0.25% to 0.5% byweight.

Compositions for application to plants may be solid or liquid. Wheresolid compositions are used, it may be desired to include one or morecarrier materials with the active compound. Examples of carriers includemineral earths such as silicas, silica gels, silicates, talc, kaolin,attaclay, limestone, chalk, loess, clay, dolomite, diatomaceous earth,calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide, ground syntheticmaterials, fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate,ammonium nitrate, thiourea and urea, products of vegetable origin suchas cereal meals, tree bark meal, wood meal and nutshell meal, cellulosepowders, attapulgites, montmorillonites, mica, vermiculites, syntheticsilicas and synthetic calcium silicates, or mixtures of these. Solidformulations may be formulated as dusts, dispersible powders, granules,microcapsules and the like. Liquid formulations may include aqueous andnon-aqueous solutions, emulsions, and the like.

For liquid solutions, water-soluble compounds or salts may be included,such as sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, sodium chloride, potassiumchloride, sodium acetate, ammonium hydrogen sulfate, ammonium chloride,ammonium acetate, ammonium formate, ammonium oxalate, ammoniumcarbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium thiosulfate, ammoniumhydrogen diphosphate, ammonium dihydrogen monophosphate, ammonium sodiumhydrogen phosphate, ammonium thiocyanate, ammonium sulfamate or ammoniumcarbamate.

Other exemplary components in herbicidal compositions include binderssuch as polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, partially hydrolyzedpolyvinyl acetate, carboxymethylcellulose, starch,vinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymers and polyvinyl acetate, ormixtures of these; lubricants such as magnesium stearate, sodiumstearate, talc or polyethylene glycol, or mixtures of these; antifoamssuch as silicone emulsions, long-chain alcohols, phosphoric esters,acetylene diols, fatty acids or organofluorine compounds, and complexingagents such as: salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), saltsof trinitrilotriacetic acid or salts of polyphosphoric acids, ormixtures of these.

Also, disclosed are methods of minimizing development of herbicideresistant weeds in the future by rotating a first cropping system in afirst year comprising a crop tolerant to one or more herbicides andaccompanying herbicidal treatments with a second cropping system in asecond year comprising a crop tolerant to one or more herbicides andaccompanying herbicidal treatments, wherein the second crop hastolerance to a different herbicide or a combination of herbicides.

The cropping systems disclosed herein incorporate not only the use ofcrops that are tolerant to one or more herbicides and the use ofchemical weed control means such as types, rates, and timing ofherbicide applications but also the use of cultural means such as croprotation with other transgenic crops having tolerance to one or moreherbicides and mechanical weed control means such as tilling, resultingin novel integrated weed management.

A crop tolerant to one or more herbicides belonging to different mode ofaction groups is produced and utilized in a cropping system of thepresent invention. These herbicides are approved by Weed Science Societyof America (WSSA) and non-limiting examples are found in Table 2(Mallory-Smith and Retzinger Jr, 2003; Herbicide Handbook, 2002,;Schmidt, 1997).

The invention should be read in view of these definitions:

“Auxin-like” herbicides refers to herbicides of four chemical families:phenoxy, carboxylic acid (or pyridine), benzoic acid, and quinalinecarboxylic acid. These types of herbicides mimic or act like the naturalplant growth regulators called auxins. The action of auxinic herbicidesappears to affect cell wall plasticity and nucleic acid metabolism,which can lead to uncontrolled cell division and growth.

Phenoxy herbicides are most common and have been used as herbicidessince the 1940s when (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) wasdiscovered. Other examples include 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid(2,4-DB), 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid (2,4-DP),(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T),2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)Propionic Acid (2,4,5-TP),2-(2,4-dichloro-3-methylphenoxy)-N-phenylpropanamide (clomeprop),(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid (MCPA),4-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)butyric acid (MCPB), and2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid (MCPP).

The next largest chemical family is the carboxylic acid herbicides, alsocalled pyridine herbicides. Examples include3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (Clopyralid),4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (picloram),(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (triclopyr), and4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-2-pyridyloxyacetic acid (fluroxypyr).

Examples of benzoic acids include 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba),3,5,6-trichloro-o-anisic acid (tricamba), and3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (chloramben). Dicamba is a particularlyuseful herbicide for use in the present invention. A fourth chemicalfamily of auxinic herbicides is the quinaline carboxylic acid family, anexample of which is 3,7-dichloro-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid(quinclorac). This herbicide is unique in that it also will control somegrass weeds, unlike the other auxin-like herbicides which essentiallycontrol only broadleaf or dicotyledonous plants. Another herbicide inthis category is 7-chloro-3-methyl-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid(quinmerac).

“Dicamba” refers to 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid or 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid and its acids and salts. Its salts include isopropylamine,diglycoamine, dimethylamine, potassium and sodium. Examples ofcommercial formulations of dicamba include, without limitation, Banvel™(as DMA salt), Clarity™ (as DGA salt), VEL-58-CS-11™ and Vanquish™ (asDGA salt, BASF).

A comprehensive list of weeds that are controlled by dicamba can befound at www.greenbook.net/docs/Label/L2281.pdf. The herbicide isparticularly useful for control of taller weeds and more difficult tocontrol weeds such as purslane, sicklepod, morninglory and wildbuckwheat. Dicamba can be used to control weeds not susceptible to otherherbicides. Following the application of ClarityTM, a formulation ofdicamba, a minimum accumulation of one inch of rainfall or overheadirrigation followed by a 14 day waiting period for the 4 to 8 ounce/acrerates or a 28 day waiting period for the 16 ounce/acre rates has beenrecommend for controlling weeds in a soybean field (see Table 22 inVanGessel and Majek, 2005). The Clarity® label recommends that it beapplied at least 15 days prior to sorghum planting. Similarly, forcotton, a waiting period of 21 days is recommended after applyingClarity® or Banvel® to the field, before planting the cotton seeds(Craig et al., 2005, www.ipmcenters.org/cropprofiles/docs/tncotton.html)and no pre-emergence and post-emergence application are labelrecommended. For post-emergent weed control in corn, dicamba is the 5thmost widely used herbicide for broad leaf weeds. However, although theoptimal rate for broad leaf weed control is between 280 to 560 g/h(grams/hectare), the average use rate in corn is 168 g/h as at higheruse rates and under certain environmental conditions, dicamba can injurecorn. In a cropping system comprising crop plants displaying toleranceto dicamba, more flexibility is available to a grower in the timing andusage rate for dicamba application.

“Glyphosate” refers to N-phosphonomethylglycine and salts thereof.Glyphosate is commercially available in numerous formulations. Examplesof these formulations of glyphosate include, without limitation, thosesold by Monsanto Company as ROUNDUP®, ROUNDUP® ULTRA, ROUNDUP® ULTRAMAX,ROUNDUP® CT, ROUNDUP® EXTRA, ROUNDUP® BIACTIVE, ROUNDUP® BIOFORCE,RODEO®, POLARIS®, SPARK® and ACCORD® herbicides, all of which containglyphosate as its isopropylammonium salt, ROUNDUP® WEATHERMAX containingglyphosate as its potassium salt; ROUNDUP® DRY and RIVAL® herbicides,which contain glyphosate as its ammonium salt; ROUNDUP® GEOFORCE, whichcontains glyphosate as its sodium salt; and TOUCHDOWN® herbicide, whichcontains glyphosate as its trimethylsulfonium salt.

“First treatment” refers to application of one or more herbicidessequentially or in a tank-mix at pre-planting, planting, pre-emergence,or at a combination of these stages.

“Second treatment” refers to applying one or more herbicidessequentially or in a tank-mix at an early post-emergence stage.

“Third treatment” refers to applying one or more herbicides sequentiallyor in a tank-mix at a late post-emergence stage. These stages aredifferent for each crop. Generally it refers to development of cropcanopy which influences both shading of weed growth and ability to getapplication equipment through the rows of the crop.

“Fourth treatment” refers to applying one or more herbicidessequentially or in a tank-mix at a pre-harvest stage. Preharvest isgenerally defined as when crop and weeds are still green and growing toa point where post emergence herbicides can still be effective.

“Fifth treatment” refers to applying one or more herbicides sequentiallyor in a tank-mix at a post-harvest stage when a crop has been removed.This can either be a treatment in fall or spring, treatment between afallow period, or treatment between a crop planting in double cropplanting situations.

An “herbicide resistant weed” is defined as a weed biotype that is nolonger controllable at a herbicide rate that previously used tocontrolled it, and the trait is passed to offspring (heritable).Non-limiting examples of these weeds are given in Table 1.

“Tough weed” refers to weeds that are difficult to control.

“Volunteer plant” means a herbicide tolerant crop plant that grows froma seed that was left after harvest in or on the soil from the previousgrowing season.

“Cropping system” refers to an interactive combination of a crop, anyherbicide tolerance exhibited by it, and accompanying herbicidaltreatment options available at different stages of crop development,yielding a productive crop.

“Transgenic” cells and organisms include cells and organisms that do notnormally degrade a herbicide, such as dicamba, but which have beentransformed so that they are able to degrade this herbicide and exhibitagronomically useful levels of tolerance to the application of theherbicide.

TABLE 1 Herbicide tolerant weeds. Classification as per WSSA or HRAC;see Table 2. ACCase inhibitors resistant weeds (Group 1 or A) Alopecurusmyosuroides, Avena fatua, Avena sterilis, Avena sterilis ludoviciana,Brachiaria plantaginea, Bromus diandrus, Bromus rigidus, Cynosurusechinatus, Digitaria ciliaris, Digitaria ischaemum, Digitariasanguinalis, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloaoryzicola, Echinochloa phyllopogon, Eleusine indica, Eriochloa punctata,Hordeum glaucum, Hordeum leporinum, Ischaemum rugosum, Leptochloachinensis, Lolium multiflorum, Lolium perenne, Lolium persicum, Loliumrigidum, Phalaris minor, Phalaris paradoxa, Rottboellia exalta, Setariafaberi, Setaria viridis, Setaria viridis var. robusta-alba Schreiber,Setaria viridis var. robusta-purpurea, Snowdenia polystachea, Sorghumhalepense, Sorghum Sudanese ALS inhibitors resistant weeds (Group 2 orB) Alisma plantago-aquatica, Alopecurus myosuroides, Amaranthusblitoides, Amaranthus hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus palmeri,Amaranthus powellii, Amaranthus quitensis, Amaranthus retroflexus,Amaranthus rudis, Amaranthus tuberculatus, Ambrosia artemisiifolia,Ambrosia trifida, Ammania auriculata, Ammania coccinea, Anthemis cotula,Apera spica-venti, Avena fatua, Avena sterilis ludoviciana, Bacoparotundifolia, Bidens pilosa, Bidens subalternans, Brassica tournefortii,Bromus tectorum, Camelina microcarpa, Chenopodium album, Chrysanthemumcoronarium, Conyza bonariensis, Conyza Canadensis, Cuscuta campestris,Cyperus difformis, Damasonium minus, Descurainia Sophia, Digitariasanguinalis, Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloacrus-galli, Echium plantagineum, Elatine triandra var. pedicellata,Eleusine indica, Euphorbia heterophylla, Fallopia convolvulus,Fimbristylis miliacea, Galeopsis tetrahit, Galium spurium, Helianthusannuus, Hordeum glaucum, Iva xanthifolia, Ixophorus unisetus, Kochiascoparia, Lactuca serriola, Limnocharis flava, Limnophila erecta,Limnophila sessiliflora, Lindernia dubia, Lindernia dubia var. major,Lindernia micrantha, Lindernia procumbens, Lolium multiflorum, Loliumperenne, Lolium rigidum, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Monochoriakorsakowii, Monochoria vaginalis, Neslia paniculata, Papaver rhoeas,Parthenium hysterophorus, Pentzia suffruticosa, Phalaris minor, Raphanusraphanistrum, Raphanus sativus, Rapistrum rugosum, Rotala indica var.uliginosa, Sagittaria guyanensis, Sagittaria montevidensis, Sagittariapygmaea, Salsola iberica, Scirpus juncoides var. ohwianus, Scirpusmucronatus, Setaria faberi, Setaria lutescens, Setaria viridis, Setariaviridis var. robusta-alba Schreiber, Sida spinosa, Sinapis arvensis,Sisymbrium orientale, Sisymbrium thellungii, Solanum ptycanthum, Sonchusasper, Sonchus oleraceus, Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum halepense, Stellariamedia, Thlaspi arvense, Xanthium strumarium Arylaminopropionic acidsresistant weeds (Group 25 or Z (unclassified)) Avena fatua, Avenasterilis ludoviciana Bipyridiliums resistant weeds (Group 22 or D)Amaranthus lividus, Arctotheca calendula, Bidens pilosa, Conyzabonariensis, Conyza Canadensis, Conyza sumatrensis, Crassocephalumcrepidiodes, Cuphea carthagenenis, Eleusine indica, Epilobiumadenocaulon, Erigeron philadelphicus, Hordeum glaucum, Hordeumleporinum, Ischaemum rugosum, Landoltia punctata, Lepidium virginicum,Lolium rigidum, Monochoria korsakowii, Poa annua, Solanum americanum,Solanum nigrum, Vulpia bromoides, Youngia japonica Carotenoidbiosynthesis inhibitors resistant weeds (Group 12 or F1) Hydrillaverticillata, Raphanus raphanistrum Cellulose inhibitors resistant weeds(Group 20 & 21 or L) Echinochloa erecta Chloroacetamides and othersresistant weeds (Group 15 or K3) Echinochloa crus-galli, Lolium rigidumDinitroanilines and others resistant weeds (Group 3 or K1) Alopecurusmyosuroides, Amaranthus palmeri, Avena fatua, Echinochloa crus-galli,Eleusine indica, Fumaria densiflora, Lolium rigidum, Poa annua, Setariaviridis, Sorghum halepense Glycines resistant weeds (Group 9 or G)Amaranthus palmeri, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Conyza bonariensis, ConyzaCanadensis, Eleusine indica, Lolium multiflorum, Lolium rigidum,Plantago lanceolata Mitosis inhibitors resistant weeds (Group 23 or K2)Lolium rigidum Nitriles and others resistant weeds (Group 6 or C3)Senecio vulgaris Organoarsenical resistant weeds (Group 17 or Z(unclassified)) Xanthium strumarium Photosystem II inhibitors resistantweeds (Group 5 or C1 (atrazine type)) Abutilon theophrasti, Alopecurusmyosuroides, Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus blitoides, Amaranthuscruentus, Amaranthus hybridus, Amaranthus lividus, Amaranthus palmeri,Amaranthus powellii, Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus rudis, Ambrosiaartemisiifolia, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Atriplex patula, Bidenstripartite, Brachypodium distachyon, Brassica campestris, Bromustectorum, Capsella bursa- pastoris, Chamomilla suaveolens, Chenopodiumalbum, Chenopodium ficifolium, Chenopodium hybridum, Chenopodiumpolyspermum, Chenopodium strictum var. Glaucophyllum, Chloris inflate,Conyza bonariensis, Conyza Canadensis, Crypsis schoenoides, Daturastramonium, Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Epilobiumadenocaulon, Epilobium tetragonum, Fallopia convolvulus, Galinsogaciliate, Kochia scoparia, Lolium rigidum, Lophochloa smyrnacea,Matricaria matricarioides, Panicum capillare, Panicum dichotomiflorum,Phalaris paradoxa, Plantago lagopus, Poa annua, Polygonum aviculare,Polygonum hydropiper, Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum pensylvanicum,Polygonum persicaria, Polypogon monspeliensis, Portulaca oleracea,Raphanus raphanistrum, Senecio vulgaris, Setaria faberi, Setaria glauca,Setaria verticillata, Setaria viridis, Setaria viridis var. Major,Sinapis arvensis, Solanum nigrum, Sonchus asper, Stellaria media,Urochloa panicoides, Urtica urens PPO inhibitors resistant weeds (Group14 or E) Amaranthus rudis, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Euphorbiaheterophylla Pyrazoliums resistant weeds (Group Z (unclassified)) Avenafatua Synthetic auxins/Auxin-like herbicides resistant weeds (Group 4 orO) Carduus nutans, Carduus pycnocephalus, Centaurea solstitialis,Cirsium arvense, Commelina diffusa, Convolvulus arvensis, Daucus carota,Digitaria ischaemum, Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crus-galli,Echinochloa crus-pavonis, Fimbristylis miliacea, Galeopsis tetrahit,Galium spurium, Kochia scoparia, Limnocharis flava, Limnophila erecta,Matricaria perforate, Papaver rhoeas, Ranunculus acris, Sinapisarvensis, Soliva sessilis, Sphenoclea zeylanica, Stellaria mediaThiocarbamates and others resistant weeds (Group 8 or N) Avena fatua,Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa oryzicola, Echinochloa phyllopogon,Lolium rigidum, Nassella trichotoma, Poa annua, Stipa neesianaTriazoles, ureas, isoxazolidiones resistant weeds (Group 11 or F3)Agrostis stolonifera, Lolium rigidum, Poa annua, Polygonum aviculareUreas and amides resistant weeds (Group 7 or C2) Alopecurus japonicus,Alopecurus myosuroides, Amaranthus powellii, Amaranthus retroflexus,Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Apera spica-venti, Beckmannia syzigachne,Bromus tectorum, Chenopodium album, Chloris inflate, Conyza canadensis,Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa erecta,Euphorbia heterophylla, Lolium multiflorum, Lolium rigidum, Phalarisminor, Poa annua, Portulaca oleracea, Senecio vulgaris

TABLE 2 Herbicides classified by primary site of action HRAC WSSA GroupMode of Action Chemical Family Active Ingredient Group A Inhibition ofacetyl Aryloxyphenoxy- clodinafop-propargyl 1 CoA carboxylasepropionates cyhalofop-butyl (ACCase) ‘FOPs’ diclofop-methylfenoxaprop-P-ethyl fluazifop-P-butyl haloxyfop-R-methyl propaquizafopquizalofop-P-ethyl Cyclohexanediones alloxydim ‘DIMs’ butroxydim(clefoxydim proposed) clethodim cycloxydim sethoxydim tepraloxydintralkoxydim B Inhibition of acetolactate synthase Sulfonylureasamidosulfuron 2 ALS azimsulfuron (acetohydroxyacid synthase AHAS)bensulfuron-methyl chlorimuron-ethyl chlorsulfuron cinosulfuroncyclosulfamuron ethametsulfuron-methyl ethoxysulfuron flazasulfuronflupyrsulfuron-methyl- Na foramsulfuron halosulfuron-methylimazosulfuron iodosulfuron metsulfuron-methyl nicosulfuron oxasulfuronprimisulfuron-methyl prosulfuron pyrazosulfuron-ethyl rimsulfuronsulfometuron-methyl sulfosulfuron thifensulfuron-methyl triasulfurontribenuron-methyl trifloxysulfuron triflusulfuron-methyl tritosulfuronImidazolinones imazapic imazamethabenz-methyl imazamox imazapyrimazaquin imazethapyr Triazolopyrimidines cloransulam-methyl diclosulamflorasulam flumetsulam metosulam Pyrimidinyl(thio)benzoatesbispyribac-Na pyribenzoxim pyriftalid pyrithiobac-Na pyriminobac-methylSulfonylaminocarbonyl- flucarbazone-Na triazolinones procarbazone-Na C1Inhibition of photosynthesis at Triazines ametryne 5 photosystem IIatrazine cyanazine desmetryne dimethametryne prometon prometrynepropazine simazine simetryne terbumeton terbuthylazine terbutrynetrietazine Triazinones hexazinone metamitron metribuzin Triazolinoneamicarbazone Uracils bromacil lenacil terbacil Pyridazinones pyrazon =chloridazon Phenyl-carbamates desmedipham phenmedipham C2 Inhibition ofphotosynthesis at Ureas chlorobromuron 7 photosystem II chlorotoluronchloroxuron dimefuron diuron ethidimuron fenuron fluometuron (see F3)isoproturon isouron linuron methabenzthiazuron metobromuron metoxuronmonolinuron neburon siduron tebuthiuron Amides propanil pentanochlor C3Inhibition of photosynthesis at Nitriles bromofenoxim (also M) 6photosystem II bromoxynil (also group M) ioxynil (also group M)Benzothiadiazinone bentazon Phenyl-pyridazines pyridate pyridafol DPhotosystem-I-electron diversion Bipyridyliums diquat 22 paraquat EInhibition of protoporphyrinogen Diphenylethers acifluorfen-Na 14oxidase bifenox (PPO) chlomethoxyfen fluoroglycofen-ethyl fomesafenhalosafen lactofen oxyfluorfen Phenylpyrazoles fluazolatepyraflufen-ethyl N-phenylphthalimides cinidon-ethyl flumioxazinflumiclorac-pentyl Thiadiazoles fluthiacet-methyl thidiaziminOxadiazoles oxadiazon oxadiargyl Triazolinones azafenidincarfentrazone-ethyl sulfentrazone Oxazolidinediones pentoxazonePyrimidindiones benzfendizone butafenacil Others pyrazogyl profluazol F1Bleaching: Pyridazinones norflurazon 12 Inhibition of carotenoidbiosynthesis at the phytoene desaturase step (PDS) Pyridinecarboxamidesdiflufenican picolinafen Others beflubutamid fluridone flurochloridoneflurtamone F2 Bleaching: Triketones mesotrione 28 Inhibition of4-hydroxyphenyl- sulcotrione pyruvate-dioxygenase (4-HPPD) Isoxazolesisoxachlortole isoxaflutole Pyrazoles benzofenap pyrazolynatepyrazoxyfen Others benzobicyclon F3 Bleaching: Triazoles amitrole 11Inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis (in vivo inhibition of (unknowntarget) lycopene cyclase) Isoxazolidinones clomazone 13 Ureasfluometuron (see C2) Diphenylether aclonifen G Inhibition of EPSPsynthase Glycines glyphosate 9 sulfosate H Inhibition of glutaminesynthetase Phosphinic acids glufosinate-ammonium 10 bialaphos =bilanaphos I Inhibition of DHP (dihydropteroate) Carbamates asulam 18synthase K1 Microtubule assembly inhibition Dinitroanilines benefin =benfluralin 3 butralin dinitramine ethalfluralin oryzalin pendimethalintrifluralin Phosphoroamidates amiprophos-methyl butamiphos Pyridinesdithiopyr thiazopyr Benzamides propyzamide = pronamide tebutamBenzenedicarboxylic acids DCPA = chlorthal- 3 dimethyl K2 Inhibition ofmitosis/microtubule Carbamates chlorpropham 23 organisation prophamcarbetamide K3 Inhibition of cell division Chloroacetamides acetochlor15 (Inhibition of VLCFAs; see Remarks) alachlor butachlor dimethachlordimethanamid metazachlor metolachlor pethoxamid pretilachlor propachlorpropisochlor thenylchlor Acetamides diphenamid napropamide naproanilideOxyacetamides flufenacet mefenacet Tetrazolinones fentrazamide Othersanilofos cafenstrole indanofan piperophos L Inhibition of cell wall(cellulose) Nitriles dichlobenil 20 synthesis chlorthiamid Benzamidesisoxaben 21 Triazolocarboxamides flupoxam M Uncoupling (Membranedisruption) Dinitrophenols DNOC 24 dinoseb dinoterb N Inhibition oflipid synthesis—not Thiocarbamates butylate 8 ACCase inhibition cycloatedimepiperate EPTC esprocarb molinate orbencarb pebulate prosulfocarbthiobencarb = benthiocarb tiocarbazil triallate vernolatePhosphorodithioates bensulide Benzofuranes benfuresate ethofumesateChloro-Carbonic-acids TCA 26 dalapon flupropanate O Synthetic auxins(auxin-like) Phenoxy-carboxylic-acids clomeprop 4 2,4-D 2,4-DBdichlorprop = 2,4-DP MCPA MCPB mecoprop = MCPP = CMPP Benzoic acidschloramben dicamba tricamba 2,3,6-TBA Pyridine clopyralid carboxylicacids fluroxypyr picloram triclopyr Quinoline carboxylic acidsquinclorac (also group L) quinmerac Others benazolin-ethyl P Inhibitionof auxin transport Phthalamates naptalam 19 Semicarbazonesdiflufenzopyr-Na R . . . . . . . . . S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . Z Unknown Arylaminopropionic acids Flamprop-M-methyl/- 25isopropyl Pyrazolium difenzoquat 8 Organoarsenicals DSMA 17 MSMA Othersbromobutide 27 (chloro)-flurenol cinmethylin cumyluron dazomet dymron =daimuron methyl-dimuron = methyl-dymron etobenzanid fosamine metamoxaziclomefone oleic acid pelargonic acid pyributicarb

EXAMPLES

The following examples are included to illustrate embodiments of theinvention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art thatthe techniques disclosed in the examples that follow representtechniques discovered by the inventor to function well in the practiceof the invention. However, those of skill in the art should, in light ofthe present disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in thespecific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like orsimilar result without departing from the concept, spirit and scope ofthe invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certainagents which are both chemically and physiologically related may besubstituted for the agents described herein while the same or similarresults would be achieved. All such similar substitutes andmodifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to bewithin the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by theappended claims.

Example 1 Cropping Systems for Managing Weeds

One embodiment of the present invention is exemplified by Tables 3-5, inwhich crops tolerant to glyphosate, dicamba, glufosinate, 2,4 D, or acombination thereof (I to X) are utilized with accompanying herbicidaltreatments (First to Fifth) at different stages of plant growth anddevelopment for managing weeds. For soybean, plant growth stages may bedefined as follows: emergence is termed the “VE” growth stage, whileearly post-emergence soybean stages are often termed “VC” to “V3”, andlate post-emergence soybean stages are termed “V4” to “R2” (e.g.McWilliams et al., 1999). “Pre-harvest” typically occurs after soybeanis physiologically mature, but before harvest, while “post-harvest”occurs after harvest has occurred. “Pre-emergence” application ofherbicide therefore refers to an application prior to crop and weedemergence either, before or after planting.

For cotton the timing of growth stages and related herbicide applicationmay be defined as follows:

Pre-Emergence: any time prior to emergence of the crop for the purposesof controlling winter and spring weeds.

Early Post-Emerge: applications that are made from the time the cropemerges through the vegetative growth stage, i.e. until the pin-headsquare stage.

Late Post-Emerge: Applications that are made during the reproductivestage of cotton growth, i.e. from pin-head square stage until theinitiation of boll opening.

Pre-Harvest: Applications made from the initiation of boll opening untiljust prior to harvest. Most product labels include a prohibition onapplying within a certain number of days prior to harvest. For example,Roundup can not be applied within 7 days of harvest. For other productsthis pre-harvest restriction may be 40 to 70 days.

Post-harvest: Applications made after the harvest for the purpose ofcontrolling late season weeds that may be present at harvest time oremerge prior to the winter season.

One of skill in the art would understand that there are no restrictionson how close applications can be made to crop emergence or crop harvest.However, certain products may have limitations on the label based oncrop injury potential (e.g. do not apply with 21 days of planting) orbecause of chemical residue levels in the seed (e.g. do not apply within40 days of harvest).

Various herbicide options for each treatment are indicated by letters A,B, C, and so on. Use of these herbicide tolerant crops, theiraccompanying treatments at various stages of growth results inmanagement of weeds, current herbicide resistant weeds, tough weeds,volunteer plants, and minimizing the development of herbicide resistantweeds in future. Herbicide rates are given in Table 4 and 5 for soybeanand cotton, respectively. Exemplary herbicides for use with corn areshown in Table 6. Equipment and methods known in the art are used forapplying herbicide treatments.

TABLE 3 Treatments and various options provided for managing weeds inexemplary cropping systems I-XII of the present invention. G—glyphosate,Gl—glufosinate, Pre—a preemergence herbicide, D—dicamba, Gr—agraminicide, Di-2,4-D, Post—a postemergent herbicide, P—paraquat. Agraminicide is not used with corn unless the corn has tolerance to theclass of herbicides used for controlling grasses, such as a fopsherbicide. glyphosate, glyphosate, glyphosate dicamba glyphosate dicambaglyphosate glyphosate, dicamba, and and and dicamba and and dicamba,glufosinate glyphosate dicamba glufosinate glufosinate glufosinate 2,4-Ddicamba and 2,4-D glufosinate 2,4-D and 2,4-D and 2,4-D Treatmenttolerant tolerant tolerant tolerant tolerant tolerant tolerant toleranttolerant tolerant tolerant tolerant & Timing Options I II III IV V VIVII VIII IX X XI XII First (1) A None None None None None None None NoneNone None None None Preplant, B Tilling Tilling Tilling Tilling TillingTilling Tilling Tilling Tilling Tilling Tilling Tilling at plant, C G GG G G G G G G G G G pre-emerge D Gl D Gl Gl D Di D D D Di D D or acombination E Pre P Pre Pre P P P Gl P P Gl Gl F P Gl P P Gl Gl Gl Di GlGl Di Di G G, Gl Pre G, Gl G, Gl Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre H G,Pre G, D G, Pre G, Pre G, D 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Di G, Gl, Di Gl Gl Gl Gl Gl Gl S G, D,P, G, D, P, G, Di, P, G, D, P, G, Gl, Pre G, D, P, G, Di, P, G, Gl, PreG, Gl, Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre T G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G,D, Gl, G, Gl, P G, D, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Gl, P G, Gl, P Pre Pre Pre PrePre Pre U G, P, Gl, G, P, Gl, G, P, Gl, G, P, Gl, G, Di, Pre G, P, Gl,G, P, Gl, G, Di, Pre G, Di, Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre V G, D, P, G, D,P, G, Di, P, G, D, P, G, Di, P G, D, P, G, Di, P, G, Di, P G, Di, P Gl,Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre W D, P D, P Di, P D, P G,Pre, P D, P Di, P G, Pre, P G, Pre, P X D, Gl D, Gl Di, Gl D, Gl G, D,Gl, D, Gl Di, Gl G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, Di Di Di Y D, Pre D, Pre Di, Pre D,Pre G, D, Gl, D, Pre Di, Pre G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, Pre Pre Pre Z P, Gl P,Gl P, Gl P, Gl G, D, Gl, P P, Gl P, Gl G, D, Gl, P G, D, Gl, P AA P, PreP, Pre P, Pre P, Pre G, Gl, Di, P, Pre P, Pre G, Gl, Di, G, Gl, Di, PrePre Pre AB Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre G, Gl, Di, P Gl, Pre Gl, PreG, Gl, Di, P G, Gl, Di, P AC D, P, Gl D, P, Gl Di, P, Gl D, P, Gl G, Gl,D, P, Gl Di, P, Gl G, Gl, G, Gl, Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P AD D, P, Pre D, P,Pre Di, P, Pre D, P, Pre G, Di, D, P, Pre Di, P, Pre G, Di, G, Di, Pre,P Pre, P Pre, P AE D, Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre Di, Gl, D, Gl, Pre G, D, Gl, D,Gl, Pre Di, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, Di, Pre Di, Pre Pre Di, Pre Pre AFD, P, Gl, D, P, Gl, Di, P, Gl, D, P, Gl, G, D, Gl, D, P, Gl, Di, P, Gl,G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, Di, P Pre Pre Pre Pre Di, P Pre Pre Di, P AG P, Gl,Pre P, Gl, Pre P, Gl, Pre P, Gl, Pre G, Gl, Di, P, Gl, Pre P, Gl, Pre G,Gl, Di, G, Gl, Di, Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P AH G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di,Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P AI G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, Pre, P Pre, P Pre,P AJ G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, Di, Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P Pre, P AKD, Gl D, Gl D, Gl AL D, Di D, Di D, Di AM D, Pre D, Pre D, Pre AN D, PD, P D, P AO Gl, Di Gl, Di Gl, Di AP Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre AQ Gl, PGl, P Gl, P AR Di, Pre Di, Pre Di, Pre AS Di, P Di, P Di, P AT Pre, PPre, P Pre, P AU D, Gl, Di D, Gl, Di D, Gl, Di 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D, Di, G, D, Di, Post Post Post Post PostPost Post Post Post Post Post Post R G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D,Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D,Gl, G, D, Gl, Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post PostPost S G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl,G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, PostPost Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post T G, D, Di, G, D,Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D,Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, Gl, Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl,Post Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl, Post PostU D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D,Di V D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, GlD, Gl W D, Post D, Post D, Post D, Post D, Post D, Post D, Post D, PostD, Post D, Post D, Post D, Post X Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl Di,Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl 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G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G,D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, Post Post PostPost Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post AB G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G,D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D,Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre PreAC G, D, Gl, P G, D, Gl, P G, D, Gl, P G, D, Gl, P G, D, Gl, P G, D, Gl,P G, D, Gl, P G, D, Gl, P G, D, Gl, P G, D, Gl, P G, D, Gl, P G, D, Gl,P AD G, D, G, D, G, D, G, D, G, D, G, D, G, D, G, D, G, D, G, D, G, D,G, D, Post, Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, PrePost, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Pre AE G, D, G, D, G,D, G, D, G, D, G, D, G, D, G, D, G, D, G, D, G, D, G, D, Post, P Post, PPost, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, PPost, P AF G, D, Pre, P G, D, Pre, P G, D, Pre, P G, D, Pre, P G, D,Pre, P G, D, Pre, P G, D, Pre, P G, D, Pre, P G, D, Pre, P G, D, Pre, PG, D, Pre, P G, D, Pre, P 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D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D,Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, Post,Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, PPost, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post,Pre, P BJ G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G,D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, G, D, Gl, Post, Pre, PPost, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post,Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, PBK G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G,Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, G, Di, Gl, Post,Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, PPost, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post,Pre, P BL G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G,D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, G, D, Di, Gl, Gl, Post,Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post,Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Post, Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, PPre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P BM D D D D D D D D D DD D BN D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, Di D, DiD, Di BO D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D, Gl D,Gl D, Gl BP D, Post D, Post D, Post D, Post D, Post D, Post D, Post D,Post D, Post D, Post D, Post D, Post BQ D, Pre D, Pre D, Pre D, Pre D,Pre D, Pre D, Pre D, Pre D, Pre D, Pre D, Pre D, Pre BR D, P D, P D, PD, P D, P D, P D, P D, P D, P D, P D, P D, P BS D, Di, Gl D, Di, Gl D,Di, Gl D, Di, Gl D, Di, Gl D, Di, Gl D, Di, Gl D, Di, Gl D, Di, Gl D,Di, Gl D, Di, Gl D, Di, Gl BT D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di,D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, Post Post Post Post Post PostPost Post Post Post Post Post BU D, Di, Pre D, Di, Pre D, Di, Pre D, Di,Pre D, Di, Pre D, Di, Pre D, Di, Pre D, Di, Pre D, Di, Pre D, Di, Pre D,Di, Pre D, Di, Pre BV D, Di, P D, Di, P D, Di, P D, Di, P D, Di, P D,Di, P D, Di, P D, Di, P D, Di, P D, Di, P D, Di, P D, Di, P BW D, Gl, D,Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D,Gl, Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post BX D,Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre D, Gl,Pre D, Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre D, Gl, Pre BY D, Gl, PD, Gl, P D, Gl, P D, Gl, P D, Gl, P D, Gl, P D, Gl, P D, Gl, P D, Gl, PD, Gl, P D, Gl, P D, Gl, P BZ D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D,Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, PrePre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre CA D, Post, P D, Post, P D,Post, P D, Post, P D, Post, P D, Post, P D, Post, P D, Post, P D, Post,P D, Post, P D, Post, P D, Post, P CB D, Pre, P D, Pre, P D, Pre, P D,Pre, P D, Pre, P D, Pre, P D, Pre, P D, Pre, P D, Pre, P D, Pre, P D,Pre, P D, Pre, P CC D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di,Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D,Di, Gl, Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post CDD, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di,Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, Pre Pre PrePre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre CE D, Di, Gl, P D, Di, Gl, P D, Di,Gl, P D, Di, Gl, P D, Di, Gl, P D, Di, Gl, P D, Di, Gl, P D, Di, Gl, PD, Di, Gl, P D, Di, Gl, P D, Di, Gl, P D, Di, Gl, P CF D, Di, D, Di, D,Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, Post,Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, PrePost, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Pre CG D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D,Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, Post, PPost, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, PPost, P Post, P CH D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D,Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre,P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P CI D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D,Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, Post, Post,Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post,Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Pre CJ D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D,Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, Post, P Post, PPost, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, PPost, P CK D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D,Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre,P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P CL D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D,Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D, Post, D,Post, Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, PPre, P Pre, P Pre, P CM D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D,Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di,Gl, D, Di, Gl, Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post,Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre CN D,Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di,Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, Post, P Post,P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post,P Post, P CO D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D,Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di,Gl, Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre,P Pre, P Pre, P CP D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D,Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, D, Di, Post, Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post,Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, PPost, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Pre, P CQ D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D,Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, D, Gl, Post, Post,Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, PPost, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Pre, PCR D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D,Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, D, Di, Gl, Post,Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, PPost, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post,Pre, P CS Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di Di CT Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, GlDi, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl Di, Gl CU Di,Post Di, Post Di, Post Di, Post Di, Post Di, Post Di, Post Di, Post Di,Post Di, Post Di, Post Di, Post CV Di, Pre Di, Pre Di, Pre Di, Pre Di,Pre Di, Pre Di, Pre Di, Pre Di, Pre Di, Pre Di, Pre Di, Pre CW Di, P Di,P Di, P Di, P Di, P Di, P Di, P Di, P Di, P Di, P Di, P Di, P CX Di, Gl,Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl,Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post PostPost CY Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl,Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre PrePre Pre CZ Di, Gl, P Di, Gl, P Di, Gl, P Di, Gl, P Di, Gl, P Di, Gl, PDi, Gl, P Di, Gl, P Di, Gl, P Di, Gl, P Di, Gl, P Di, Gl, P DA Di, Post,Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post,Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre PrePre Pre Pre Pre DB Di, Post, P Di, Post, P Di, Post, P Di, Post, P Di,Post, P Di, Post, P Di, Post, P Di, Post, P Di, Post, P Di, Post, P Di,Post, P Di, Post, P DC Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P Di,Pre, P Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, P Di, Pre, PDi, Pre, P DD Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl,Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Post, Post, Pre Post, Pre Post,Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post,Pre Post, Pre Pre DE Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di,Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Post, P Post, P Post, PPost, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, PDF Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di,Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, PPre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P DG Di, Post, Di, Post, Di,Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Di,Post, Di, Post, Di, Post, Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre,P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P DH Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl,Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Di, Gl, Post,Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post,Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, PPre, P DI Gl Gl Gl Gl Gl Gl Gl Gl Gl Gl Gl Gl DJ Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl,Post Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl, Post Gl,Post Gl, Post DK Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, PreGl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre Gl, Pre DL Gl, P Gl, P Gl, P Gl, P Gl, PGl, P Gl, P Gl, P Gl, P Gl, P Gl, P Gl, P DM Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl,Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl,Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre PrePre DN Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl,Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Gl, Post, Pre, P Pre, PPre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P DOGl, Post, P Gl, Post, P Gl, Post, P Gl, Post, P Gl, Post, P Gl, Post, PGl, Post, P Gl, Post, P Gl, Post, P Gl, Post, P Gl, Post, P Gl, Post, PDP Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Gl,Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P Gl, Pre, P DQ PostPost Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post DR Post, PrePost, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, PrePost, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre Post, Pre DS Post, P Post, P Post, P Post,P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P Post, P DTPost, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post,Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, P Post, Pre, PPost, Pre, P DU Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre Pre DV Pre,P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, P Pre, PPre, P DW P P P P P P P P P P P P G—glyphosate, Pre—a preemergenceherbicide, D—dicamba, Gr—a graminicide, Di-2,4-D, Post—a postemergentherbicide, P—paraquat.

TABLE 4 Examples of herbicides and rates for use in soybean croppingsystems. Maximum Family Common name Trade name Supplier Rate/Acrea.i./Acre/season Herbicides suitable for the first treatment EPSPSGlyphosate Roundup Monsanto 11-44 oz/A 7.2875 lbs/A inhibitorsWeathermax Auxin-like Dicamba Clarity BASF 4-24 oz/A 2 lbs/A herbicides2,4-D Acetanilide alachlor Intrro Monsanto 4-6 pts/A 3 lbs/A alachlorLasso Monsanto 4-6 pts/A 3 lbs/A alachlor Micro Tech Monsanto 5-6 pts/A3 lbs/A dimethanamid-P Establish Tenkoz 12-21 oz/A 0.9844 lbs/Adimethanamid-P Outlook BASF 12-21 oz/A 0.9844 lbs/A flufenacet DefineBayer 8-14 oz/A 0.4375 lbs/A metolachlor Stalwart Sipcam Agro 1-2.75pts/A 2.75 lbs/A s-metolachlor Brawl Tenkoz 1-2.6 pt/A 2.48 lbs/As-metolachlor Dual II Syngenta 1-2.5 pts/A 2.38 lbs/A Magnum ALSchlorimuron- Classic Dupont 1.25-3 oz/A 0.0468 lbs/A ethyl chlorimuron-Canopy EX Dupont 1.1-3.3 oz/A 0.0608 lbs/A ethyl + tribenuron- methylcloransulam- FirstRate Dow 0.6-0.75 oz/A 0.055125 lb/A methylflumetsulam Python Dow 0.8-1.33 oz/A 0.07 lbs/A imazaquin Scepter BASF2.15-2.8 oz/A 0.245 lbs/A imazethapyr Pursuit BASF 4 oz/A 0.063 lbs/Athifensulfuron + tribenuron + Affinity Dupont 0.6-1.0 oz/A 0.05625 lb/Ametsulfuron thifensulfuron- Harmony GT Dupont 0.083 oz/A 0.046875 lbs/Amethyl XP ALS + DiNA imazethapyr + Pursuit Plus BASF 2.5 pts/A 0.063lbs/ pendimethalin A + 1.48 lbs/A ALS + PPO chlorimuron- Canopy XLDupont 2.5-7.0 oz/A 0.3167 lb/A ethyl + sulfentrazone BLEACHER clomazoneCommand FMC 1.33-3.33 pt/A 1.25 lb/A norflurazon Solicam Syngenta1.9-2.5 lbs/A 1.96 lbs/A DiNA ethalfluralin Sonilan Dow 1.5-3 pts/A1.125 lb/A pendimethalin Acumen Tenkoz 1.2-3.6 pt/A 1.48 lb/Apendimethalin Helena Helena 1.2-3.6 pts/A 1.48 lb/A pendimethalinpendimethalin Pendimax Dow 1.2-3.6 pts/A 1.48 lb/A pendimethalin ProwlBASF 1.2-3.6 pts/A 1.48 lb/A pendimethalin Prowl H2O BASF 1.5-3 pts/A1.5 lb/A trifluralin Bayonet Helena 5-10 lbs/A 1 lb/A trifluralinTreflan Dow 1-2.5 pts/A 1.25 lb/A trifluralin Trilin Griffin 1-2.5 pts/A1.25 lb/A Glycine + glyphosate + Extreme BASF 3 pts/A 0.56 lbs ae/A ALSimazethapyr glyphosate + 3 lbs + 0.06375 lbs/A imazethapyr PPOcarfentrazone- Aim FMC 0.5-1.6 oz/A 0.025 lb/A ethyl flumioxazinEncompass Tenkoz 2-3 oz/A 0.095625 lb/A flumioxazin Valor Valent 2-3oz/A 0.09562 lbs/A fomesafen Flexstar Syngenta 0.75-1.5 pt/A 0.375 lb/Aoxyfluorfen Galigan Makhteshim Agan 0.5-2 pts/A 0.75 lbs/A sulfentrazoneBlanket Tenkoz 3-8 oz/A 0.375 lb/A sulfentrazone Spartan FMC 4.5-12 oz/A0.375 lbs/A Triazine linuron Linex Griffin 1-2 pts/A 1 lb/A linuronLorox Griffin 0.67-2 lbs/A 1 lb/A metribuzin Metribuzin Makhteshim Agan0.33-1.17 lbs/A 0.8775 lb/A metribuzin Metribuzin AgValue 0.33-1.17lbs/A 0.8775 lb/A metribuzin Sencor Bayer 0.33-1.17 lbs/A 0.8775 lbs/ATriazine + Acetanilide metribuzin + flufenacet Axiom DF Bayer 7-13 oz/A0.5525 lb/A Bipyridiliums Paraquat Gramoxone Syngenta 8-16 oz/A 0/75lb/A Inteon Herbicides suitable for the second and third treatment ESPSGlyphosate Roundup Monsanto 11-44 oz/A 7.2875 lbs/A inhibitorsWeathermax GS glufosinate- Liberty Bayer 28-34 oz/A 0.809 lbs ai/Ainhibitors ammonium Auxin-like Dicamba Clarity BASF 4-24 oz/A 2 lbs/Aherbicides 2,4-D Acetanilide s-metolachlor Dual II Syngenta 1-2.5 pts/A2.38 lbs/A Magnum ACCase clethodim Trigger Albaugh 4-16 oz/A 0.5 lbs/A(Graminicides) clethodim Volunteer Tenkoz 4-16 oz/A 0.5 lbs/A clethodimSelect Valent 4-16 oz/A 0.5 lbs/A clethodim Select MAX Valent 8-32 oz/A0.5 lbs/A fluazifop-p-butyl Fusilade DX Syngenta 6-24 oz/A 0.51 lb/Afluazifop-p- Fusion Syngenta 6-12 oz/A 0.48 lb/A butyl + fenoxyprop-p-ethyl quizalofop-ethyl Assure II Dupont 5-12 oz/A 0.12375 lb/Asethoxydim Poast BASF 0.5-2.5 pts/A 0.9375 lbs/A sethoxydim PoastHerbicide Micro Flo 0.5-2.5 pts/A 0.9375 lbs/A ALS imazamox Raptor BASF4-5 oz/A 0.04 lb ae/A imazethapyr Pursuit BASF 4 oz/A 0.063 lbs/A PPOacifluorfen Ultra Blazer UPI 0.5-1.5 pt/A 0.5 lbs/A fomesafen ReflexSyngenta 0.75-1.5 pt/A 0.375 lb/A fomesafen Flexstar Syngenta 0.75-1.5pt/A 0.375 lb/A lactofen Cobra Valent 6-12.5 oz/A 0.4 lbs/A lactofenPhoenix Valent 6-12.5 oz/A 0.4 lbs/A PSII Site B bentazon Basagran MicroFlo 1-3 pts/A 2 lbs/A bentazon Basagran BASF 1-3 pts/A 2 lbs/AHerbicides suitable for the fourth treatment And/or one or moreherbicides suitable for 2^(nd) and 3^(rd) treatment Herbicides suitablefor the fifth treatment Bipyridiliums Paraquat Gramoxone Syngenta 8-16oz/A 0/75 lb/A Inteon And/or one or more herbicides suitable for the Isttreatment

TABLE 5 Examples of herbicides and rates for use in cotton croppingsystems. Granular (G), Wettable powders (W or WP), Dry flowable (DF),Water dispersible granules (WDG), Soluble Powder (S), Water soluble(SL), Liquid (L), Aqueous solution (AS), Emulsifiable concentrate (E orEC), Microencapsulated Emulsion (ME), Flowable (F), fluid ounce (fl oz),and pints (pt). Use Rates/Acre of Family Chemical Trade SupplierFormulation Formulation Herbicides suitable for the first treatmentEPSPS inhibitors glyphosate Roundup Monsanto 5.5 SL 11 to 32 fl ozAuxin-like 2,4-D Various Dow 4 L 12 to 24 fl oz dicamba Clarity Syngenta4.5 L 8 fl oz Bipyridiliums paraquat Gramoxone Syngenta 3 SL 11 to 21 floz DiNA pendimethalin Prowl BASF 3.3 EC 1.2 to 3.6 pt pendimethalinProwl BASF 3.3 EC 1.2 to 2.4 pt trifuralin Treflan Dow 4 EC 1 to 2 ptpendimethalin Prowl BASF 3.3 EC 1.8 to 3.6 pt GS inhibitorsglufosinate-ammonium Ignite Bayer 2.34 L 22 to 29 fl oz OrganoarsenicalsMSMA Various Helena 6 L 2.67 pt PPO inhibitors carfentrazone Aim FMC 2EC 0.8 to 1.6 fl oz flumioxazin Valor Valent 51 WP 1 to 2 ozPyrimidinylthio- pyrithiobac Staple DuPont 85 SP 0.5 to 1.0 oz benzoateSulfonylurea thifensulfuron + Harmony DuPont 75 WDG 0.5 oz tribenuronExtra Triazole clomazone Command FMC 3 ME 1.3 to 3.3 pt Ureas and amidesdiuron Direx Griffin 4 F 1.5 to 2 pt diuron Direx DuPont 4 L 1.6 to 2 ptflumeturon Cotoran Griffin 4 F 2 to 3 pt Norflurazon Solicam Syngenta DF1.25 to 2.5 lb Herbicides suitable for the second and third treatmentsAryloxyphenoxy fluazifop p-butyl Fusilade Syngenta 2 EC 8 to 12 fl ozpropionate quizalofop p-ethyl Assure DuPont 0.88 EC 7 to 8 fl ozFenoxaprop Whip 360 Bayer 0.66 EC 0.7 to 1 pt Auxin-like dicamba ClarityBASF 4 SL 8 to 48 fl oz 2,4-D Barrage Helena 4.7 EC 1 to 2 ptBipyridiliums paraquat Gramoxone Syngenta 3 SL 13 to 26 fl ozChloroacetamide s-metolachlor Dual Syngenta 7.6 EC 1 to 1.33 pts-metolachlor Dual Syngenta 7.6 EC 1 to 1.33 pt Cyclohexanedioneclethodim Select Valent 2 EC 6 to 8 fl oz sethoxydim Poast BASF 1.53 EC16 fl oz DiNA pendimethalin Prowl BASF 3.3 EC 1.8 to 2.4 pt EPSPSinhibitors glyphosate Roundup Monsanto 5.5 SL 22 fl oz GS inhibitorsglufosinate-ammonium Ignite Bayer 2.34 L 22 to 29 fl oz OrganoarsenicalsMSMA Various Helena 6 L 1 pt DSMA Various Helena 3.6 L 1 gal MSMAVarious Helena 6 L 2.67 pt PPO inhibitors carfentrazone Aim FMC 2 EC 0.8to 1.6 fl oz flumioxazin Valor Valent 51 WDG 2 oz lactofen Cobra Valent2 EC 6 to 12 fl oz Protox inhibitors Oxyflourfen Goal 2XL DowAgro 2 EC 1to 2 pt PS II inhibitors prometryn Caparol Syngenta 4 F 1.3 to 2.4 ptPyrimidinylthio- pyrithiobac Staple DuPont 85 SP 1.2 oz benzoateSulfonylurea trifloxysulfuron-sodium Envoke Syngenta 75 WDG 0.1 oz Ureasand amides fluometuron Cotoran Griffin 4 L 2 to 3.2 pt diuron DirexGriffin 4 L 1.6 to 2.4 pt linuron Linex Griffin 4 L 2 pt Herbicidessuitable for the fourth treatment EPSPS inhibitors glyphosate RoundupMonsanto 5.5 SL 16 to 22 fl oz Auxin-like dicamba Clarity BASF 4 SL 8 to48 fl oz 2,4-D Barrage Helena 4.7 EC 1 to 2 pt Defoliant dimethipinHarvade Chemtura 5 F 8 to 10 fl oz GS inhibitors glufosinate-ammoniumIgnite Bayer 2.34 L 22 to 29 fl oz PPO carfentrazone-ethyl Aim FMC 2 EC1 to 1.5 fl oz Herbicides suitable for the fifth treatment Bipyridiliumsparaquat Gramoxone Syngenta 2.5 L 2.5 to 4.0 pt One or more herbicidessuitable for the first treatment

TABLE 6 Exemplary pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides andcombinations for use with dicamba on corn in cropping systems of thepresent invention. Pre-emergence includes the first and/or fifthtreatment. Post-emergence includes the second, third, fourth treatments,and/or fifth treatment. Pre- or Post- emergent Chemical Family Commonname Trade Name treatment Chloroacetamides- Acetochlor Dual Magnum Pre(can acetanilides Metolachlor/ also be S-metolachlor used Post) AlachlorTriazines Atrazine Pre and Simazine Post 4HPPD Isoxazoles + CONVERGE Premesotrione mesotrione Callisto ALS/Growth Flumetsulam Python PreRegulator Clopyralid Stinger Clopyralid + Hornet FlumetsulamDinitroanilines Pendimethalin Prowl Pre EPSPS inhibitor GlyphosateRoundup Post ALS Sulfonylureas Accent Post (Rimsulfuron, nicosulfuron) &Imidazolinones Lightning (can (imazethapyr) also be applied pre)Phosphonic acid Glufosinate Liberty Post Semicarbazones DiflufenzopyrDistinct Post (+dicamba) 4-HPPD Mesotrione + Callisto Post IsoxazoleBalance Triazine atrazine Post Auxins: 2,4-D Lontrel, Stinger PostPhenoxyacetic acids clopyralid Pyridine carboxylic acids PS2 inhibitorsBromoxynil Buctril, Pardner Post Nitriles Bentazon Basagranbenzothiadiazinones PPO's Post N-phenylphthalamides Flumiclorac ResourceTriazolinones Carfentrazone Aim EW

Example 2 A Method for Minimizing the Development of Herbicide ResistantWeeds

As shown in Table 7, a method for minimizing the development of aherbicide resistant weed population is exemplified by rotating a firstcropping system (I to XII; Table 3) in a first year comprising a croptolerant to one or more low-risk herbicides and accompanying herbicidaltreatments with a second cropping system (I to XII; Table 3) in a secondyear comprising a crop tolerant to one or more low-risk herbicides andaccompanying herbicidal treatments. For example, if the crop in thefirst cropping system is tolerant to glyphosate then the crop in thesecond cropping system can be tolerant to an auxin like herbicide ortolerant to glyphosate and an auxin like herbicides. Herbicide rates aregiven in Table 4 and Table 5 for soybean and cotton, respectively.Equipments and methods known in the art are used for applying variousherbicide treatments.

TABLE 7 Examples of methods for minimizing the development of herbicideresistant weeds by rotating a first cropping system with a secondcropping system. Second Cropping System Options I II III IV V VI VIIVIII IX X XI XII First Cropping I X X X X X X X X X X X System OptionsII X X X X X X X X X X X III X X X X X X X X X X X IV X X X X X X X X XX X V X X X X X X X X X X X VI X X X X X X X X X X X VII X X X X X X X XX X X VIII X X X X X X X X X X X IX X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XX X X X X XI X X X X X X X X X X X XII X X X X X X X X X X X

Example 3 Production of Transgenic Soybean Having Dicamba and GlyphosateTolerances for Use in Cropping Systems for Manging Weeds

Methods for producing transgenic seeds having glyphosate tolerance areknown in the art and such seeds can be produced by persons of skill inthe art by using a polynucleotide encoding glyphosate resistant5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) as described in U.S.Pat. No. 5,627,061, U.S. Pat. No. RE39,247, U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,497 andin U.S. Pat. No. 5,094,945, WO04074443 and WO04009761, all of which arehereby incorporated by reference. Soybean breeding lines containing theRoundup Ready® trait event 40-3-2 (Padgette et al., 1995) have beenproduced. Seeds from soybean plant designated as MON19788 have beendeposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-6708.

Glyphosate tolerant plants can also be produced by incorporatingpolynucleotides encoding glyphosate degrading enzymes such as glyphosateoxidoreductase (GOX, U.S. Pat. No. 5,463,175, herein incorporated byreference), a glyphosate-N-acetyl transferase (GAT, U.S. Patent Publ.20030083480, herein incorporated by reference), and a glyphosatedecarboxylase (WO05003362; US Patent Application 20040177399, hereinincoroporated by reference).

Dicamba tolerant soybean plants have been described in U.S. provisionalapplication Ser. No. 60/811,276, filed Jun. 6, 2006. A suitable linefrom each was crossed and progeny seeds were screened with herbicideapplications of glyphosate and dicamba to obtain progeny expressing bothgenes and exhibiting tolerance to both dicamba and glyphosate.Alternatively, coding sequences conferring tolerance to one or both ofthe herbicides can be directly introduced into a given line.

Transgenic seeds having dicamba and glyphosate tolerances were testedfor their tolerance to dicamba, glyphosate, or both herbicides. Table 8shows tolerance of transgenic soybeans carrying glyphosate and dicambatolerance transgenes to glyphosate, dicamba, and glyphosate and dicambaat various stages of plant growth. Injury was not seen on plants wheneither or both herbicides were applied at pre-emergence stage.Post-emergence treatments of either or both herbicides at V3, R1, andR3-4 showed only little injury.

TABLE 8 Tolerance of transgenic soybeans carrying glyphosate and dicambatolerance transgenes to glyphosate, dicamba, and glyphosate and dicamba.Pre- Post-emergence emergence treatment treatment V3 R1 R3-4 20 8 7 18Rate DAT DAT DAT DAT gm % injury (Average of 4 Plant Line HerbicideApplied ae/ha replications) Non-transgenic Control CLARITY 561 99.0 83.871.3 85.0 RWMax 841 0.0 81.3 66.3 67.5 CLARITY + RWMax 561 + 841 99.593.8 81.3 99.0 RR1 + DMO Line 1 CLARITY 561 0.0 7.0 6.3 4.5 RWMax 8410.0 3.5 3.5 11.3 CLARITY + RWMax 561 + 841 0.0 3.0 4.0 10.0 RR1 + DMOLine 2 CLARITY 561 0.0 5.3 6.3 5.3 RWMax 841 0.0 4.5 4.5 11.7 CLARITY +RWMax 561 + 841 0.0 5.0 4.0 8.8 RR1 + DMO Line 3 CLARITY 561 0.0 9.0 8.87.5 RWMax 841 0.0 3.5 4.0 11.3 CLARITY + RWMax 561 + 841 0.0 4.5 3.510.0 RR1 + DMO Line 4 CLARITY 561 0.0 8.5 8.8 3.5 RWMax 841 0.0 3.5 3.511.3 CLARITY + RWMax 561 + 841 0.0 4.5 4.5 8.8 RR2 + DMO Line 1 CLARITY561 0.0 8.5 6.3 5.3 RWMax 841 0.0 3.5 3.5 3.0 CLARITY + RWMax 561 + 8410.0 5.0 4.5 5.0 RR2 + DMO Line 2 CLARITY 561 0.0 9.0 6.3 3.0 RWMax 8410.0 3.5 6.3 3.0 CLARITY + RWMax 561 + 841 0.0 9.5 7.0 3.0 RR2 + DMO Line3 CLARITY 561 0.0 9.5 7.5 3.5 RWMax 841 0.0 3.5 6.3 4.5 CLARITY + RWMax561 + 841 0.0 8.5 3.5 3.3 RR2 + DMO Line 4 CLARITY 561 0.0 5.3 5.8 3.0RWMax 841 0.0 16.5 17.0 4.0 CLARITY + RWMax 561 + 841 0.0 11.0 3.5 5.3

Example 4 Production of Transgenic Soybean Having Dicamba andGlufosinate Tolerances for Use in Cropping Systems for Managing Weeds

Soybean transgenic event 469-13-19 carrying a transgene for dicambatolerance and glufosinate tolerance was produced by transforming soybeanaccording to Zhang et al. (1999) with a plant transformation vectorcarrying a gene encoding DMO, and a gene for phosphinothricinacetyltransferase. The transgenic plants were grown and sprayed witheither CLARITY (dicamba) and LIBERTY (glufosinate) herbicides alone orboth as a tank mixture at an application rate of 561 g/ha (0.5 lb/a) asa postemergence treatment at V3 and evaluated for tolerance. The resultsshown in the Table 9 indicate that transgenic plants carrying atransgene for both glufosinate and dicamba are tolerant to either orboth herbicides.

TABLE 9 Transgenic soybean carrying a transgene for both glufosinate anddicamba shows tolerance to either or both herbicides. Rate % injury (15DAT) Treatment gm ae/ha (Mean of 6 replications) UNTREATED 0 0.0 CHECKNE3001 LIBERTY 561 98.3 CLARITY 561 88.3 LIBERTY 561 CLARITY 561 98.3UNTREATED 0 0.0 CHECK 469-13-19 LIBERTY 561 19.2 CLARITY 561 2.7 LIBERTY561 25.0 CLARITY 561

Example 5 Production of Transgenic Soybean Having Dicamba, Glufosinate,and Glyphosate Tolerances for Use in Cropping Systems for Managing Weeds

A soybean transformation event comprising transgenes for dicambatolerance and glufosinate tolerance was produced by transforming soybeanaccording to Zhang et al. (1999) with a plant transformation vectorcarrying a gene encoding DMO, and a gene for phosphinothricinacetyltransferase. A soybean plant comprising this event was crossedwith a soybean plant comprising a transgenic event produced as abovecarrying a gene specifying tolerance to glyphosate. Plants comprisingtransgenic event (A19788) and carrying genes for tolerance to all threeherbicides were tested for their tolerance to these herbicides, appliedindividually and in combination. A wild type soybeans control (A3525,Asgrow) showed 80-83% injury at 14 DAT with Clarity and RWMax (RoundupWeatherMAX), whereas Liberty and various tank mix combinations of threeherbicides caused greater than 95% injury. The transgenic event showedless than 5% injury for Clarity, RWMax, or Clarity+RWMax treatment.Injury was between 15% and 18% for Liberty, Liberty+Clarity, orLiberty+Clarity+RWMax treatment.

Example 6 Use of Transgenic Soybean Having Dicamba and GlyphosateTolerance in Cropping Systems

In this example, use of dicamba and glyphosate tolerant soybean inmanaging glyphosate tolerant or resistant weeds is demonstrated.Transgenic seeds are planted using a four row planter in 30″ rows in afield infested naturally with weeds disclosed below. The plots are 25feet long and replicated 3 times with the center two rows sprayed andthe outside rows left as running checks (unsprayed, used to rate weedcontrol). The plots are rated for pre-emergence weed control compared tothe ROUNDUP only plot. The plots are rated for post-emergence weedcontrol compared to the running check 21 days after each post-emergenceapplication. Injury to the transgenic soybean is rated 7 days after eachpost-emergence treatment. Plots are subjected to the treatmentsspecified in Table 10. Treatments 11 through 14 are varied dependingupon the target weed species. POSTin treatment 11 and 12 refers toapplication on 3″ weeds and POST in treatment 13, 14 refers toapplication on 6″ weeds.

Herbicide rates are as follows unless otherwise noted in Table 10:Roundup (Rup; Roundup WeatherMAX): 1.12 lbs ae/A; Clarity: 16 oz/A;INTRRO: 2 qts/A; Authority First: 3 oz/A; FirstRate: 0.3 oz/A; Scepter:2.8 oz/A; Classic: 1.25 oz/A; Boundary: 2.1 pints/A; Valor: 2 oz/A;Gangster: 1.8 oz/A; Synchrony XP: 0.375 oz/A; Pursuit: 4 oz/A; Flexstar:12 oz/A; Prowl H2O: 2 pts/A; Cobra 12.5: oz/A; Raptor: 4 oz/A. AMS at 2%w/w added to all treatments containing Roundup. 3 WAT is 3 weeks aftertreatment.

TABLE 10 Herbicide application regimes. PRE Early POST (usually on6″weed) Late POST (V5 to R1)  1) Roundup Roundup on 6″ weeds Roundup (3WAT)  2) Roundup Roundup + Clarity 3″ weeds Roundup + Clarity  3)Roundup Roundup + Clarity 6″ weeds Roundup + Clarity  4) RoundupRoundup + 4 oz Clarity 3″ weeds Roundup + Clarity  5) Roundup Roundup +4 oz Clarity 6″ weeds Roundup + Clarity  6) Roundup + Clarity RoundupRoundup  7) Roundup + Clarity Roundup + Clarity Roundup  8) Roundup +Clarity Roundup + Clarity Roundup + Clarity  9) Roundup + ClarityRoundup Rup1.5 + Clarity1.5 10) Rup + Authority First Roundup Roundup11) Treatment to determine if     weeds are resistant to     ALSinhibiting herbicides 12) Current commercial standard 13) Treatment 114) Treatment 2

If the weed is a Palmer pigweed or waterhemp then treatments 11-14 areas follows: 11) Roundup+Classic PRE fb Pursuit POST; 12)Roundup+Valor+2,4-D PRE fb Roundup+Cobra POST; 13) Roundup+INTRRO PRE fbRoundup+Clarity POST; 14) Roundup+Prowl H2O PRE fb Roundup+Clarity POST.

If the weed is a common or giant ragweed then treatments 11-14 are asfollows: 11) Roundup+Scepter PRE fb FirstRate POST; 12)Roundup+FirstRate PRE fb Roundup+Flexstar POST; 13) Roundup+FirstRatePRE fb Roundup+Clarity POST; 14) Roundup+Boundary PRE fb Roundup+ClarityPOST.

If the weed is lambsquarters or morningglory then treatments 11-14 areas follows: 11) Roundup+Scepter PRE fb Synchrony XP POST; 2)Roundup+FirstRate PRE fb Roundup+Raptor POST; 13) Roundup+Valor PRE fbRoundup+Clarity POST; 14) Roundup+Gangster PRE fb Roundup+Clarity POST.

If the weed is marestail then treatments 11-14 are as follows: 11)Roundup+Classic PRE fb FirstRate POST; 12) Roundup+Valor+2,4-D PRE fbRoundup+FirstRate POST; 13) Roundup+Boundary+2,4-D PRE fbRoundup+Clarity POST; 14) Roundup+Gangster+2,4-D PRE fb Roundup+ClarityPOST.

It is expected that target weeds that are known to be resistant toglyphosate will not be controlled well by glyphosate alone. A mixture ofglyphosate and dicamba is expected to provide good control of broadleafweeds that are resistant to glyphosate. Treatments that include apre-emergence herbicide at planting and a mixture of glyphosate anddicamba post-emergence is expected to provide good control of glyphosateresistant broadleaf weeds.

Example 7 Use of Dicamba for Treatment of Glyphosate-Resistant and Hardto Control Weed Populations

In this example, use of dicamba tolerance in managing weeds isdemonstrated. Herbicide treatments are applied to homogeneous welldrained fields, preferably no till fields, having a uniform populationof weeds such as glyphosate resistant broadleaf weeds and othertough-to-control broadleaf weeds such as pigweed sp., morningglorysp.,sesbania, sicklepod, prickly sida using a randomized complete blockdesign (RCBD) format with 3 replications in several locations. Thefollowing treatments at the rate indicated are applied prior to theemergence of the weeds. Weed control rating by each species (i.e., % ofcontrol) are taken at 7 and 21 days after application to determine weedcontrol.

TABLE 11 Treatments for control of weed populations. Treatment Rate(lb/Ac) 1 Clarity 0.25 2 Clarity 0.5 3 Clarity 0.75 4 Clarity 1.0 5Acetochlor 1.5 6 Clarity + Acetochlor 0.25 + 1.5  7 Clarity + Acetochlor0.5 + 1.5 8 pendimethalin 0.825 9 Clarity +  0.25 + 0.825 pendimethalin10 Clarity +  0.5 + 0.825 pendimethalin 11 Reflex 0.25 12 Clarity +0.25 + 0.25 Reflex 13 Clarity +  0.5 + 0.25 Reflex 14 Untreated

Treatments as shown below in Table 12 may be applied after weedemergence in fields having populations of target weeds such as glyphosate resistant broadleaf weeds and other tough-to-control broadleafweeds such as pigweed sp., morningglory sp., sesbania, sicklepod,prickly sida in an RCBD format with 3-4 replications in severallocations. The following treatments at the rate indicated are appliedwhen weeds are 4-8 inches tall. Weed control rating by each species(i.e., % of control) at 10 and 21 DAT is noted to estimate postemergence burndown of existing weeds and to determine length of residualcontrol.

TABLE 12 Additional exemplary herbicide treatment regimes for hard tocontrol weeds. Treatments Rate (lb/A) 1 Clarity 0.125 2 Clarity 0.25 3Clarity 0.5 4 Clarity + 0.25 Roundup WeatherMax 0.56 5 Clarity + 0.25Roundup WeatherMax 0.75 6 Clarity + 0.25 Roundup WeatherMax 1.12 7Clarity + 0.5 Roundup WeatherMax 0.75 8 Clarity + 0.25 Ignite 0.31 9Clarity + 0.25 Ignite 0.42 10 Clarity + 0.25 Ignite 0.53 11 RoundupWeatherMax + 0.75 Ignite 0.21 12 Roundup WeatherMax + 0.375 Ignite 0.4213 Roundup WeatherMax + 0.75 Ignite 0.42 14 Roundup WeatherMax + 0.75Ignite + 0.42 Clarity 0.25 15 Nontreated

All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein canbe made and executed without undue experimentation in light of thepresent disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this inventionhave been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will beapparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied tothe compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence ofsteps of the method described herein without departing from the concept,spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will beapparent that certain agents that are both chemically andphysiologically related may be substituted for the agents describedherein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All suchsimilar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in theart are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of theinvention as defined by the appended claims.

REFERENCES

The references listed below are incorporated herein by reference to theextent that they supplement, explain, provide a background for, or teachmethodology, techniques, and/or compositions employed herein.

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1-35. (canceled)
 36. A cropping system for minimizing the development ofa herbicide resistant weed in a crop-growing environment comprising: a)planting in a field a crop plant having tolerance to glyphosate,glufosinate and/or auxin-like herbicides; b) applying at least a firstherbicide treatment comprising glyphosate, glufosinate, and/or anauxin-like herbicide to the crop growing environment to control weeds;d) identifying a location in the field infested with weeds resistant toglyphosate, glufosinate or an auxin-like herbicide; and e) applying anamount of glyphosate, glufosinate, and/or the auxin-like herbicideeffective to control the weeds resistant to glyphosate, glufosinate, oran auxin-like herbicide.
 37. The system of claim 36, wherein the plantcomprises a transgene conferring herbicide tolerance to glyphosate. 38.The system of claim 37, wherein the transgene conferring herbicidetolerance to glyphosate encodes a polypeptide selected from the groupconsisting of glyphosate resistant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphatesynthase (EPSPS), glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX), glyphosate-N-acetyltransferase (GAT) and glyphosate decarboxylase.
 39. The system of claim38, wherein the crop plant comprises a transgene encoding a GATpolypeptide.
 40. The system of claim 39, wherein the GAT polypeptide isGAT4601 (SEQ ID NO:2).
 41. The system of claim 36, wherein the cropplant comprises a transgene encoding DMO and/or AAD.
 42. The system ofclaim 36, wherein the crop plant comprises a transgene encoding aphosphinothricin acetyltransferase. 43-49. (canceled)